Table Of ContentM
ultiple
S
tresses
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E
cosystems
M
ultiple
S
tresses
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E
cosystems
Edited by
Joseph J. Cech, Jn
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology
University of California - Davis
Barry W. Wilson
Departments of Avian Sciences and Environmental Toxicology
University of California - Davis
Donald G- Crosby
Department of Toxicology
University of California - Davis
CRC Press
Taylor &. Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Multiple stresses in ecosystems / edited by Joseph J. Cech, Jr., Barry W. Wilson, Donald G. Crosby,
p. cm.
Resulted from an international conference held Oct. 14-15, 1993 and sponsored by the University
of California Toxic Substances Program.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-309-3 (alk. paper)
1. Pollution—Environmental aspects—Congresses. 2. Nature—Effect of human beings on—
Congresses. 3. Ecology—Congresses.
1. Cech, Joseph J. II. Wilson, Barry W., 1931- . III. Crosby, Donald G.
QH545.A1M85 1998
577.27—dc21
97-49109
CIP
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The Editors
Joseph J. Cech, Jr., is Professor of Fish Biology/Physiology al the University of
California, Davis. He earned degrees in zoology from the University of Wisconsin,
Madison (B.S.) and the University of Texas, Austin (M.A., Ph.D.). After post
doctoral research experience at the Research Institute of the Gulf of Maine, he joined
the UC Davis faculty in 1975. He regularly teaches Physiology of Fishes, Physio
logical Ecology, and Field Studies in Fish Biology courses. With his students and
postdoctoral researchers, he is active in research on the functional responses of fishes
to their environments (including contaminated ones) and is the author (or co-author)
of over 90 research publications, including several books. For example, he co
authored (with Dr. Peter B. Moyle) Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, now in
its third edition.
Barry W. Wilson is an ecotoxicologist/neurotoxicologist and Professor of Avian
Sciences and Environmental Toxicology at the University of California, Davis.
Wilson was educated in liberal arts at the University of Chicago, in biology at the
Illinois Institute of Technology, and in zoology at UCLA, where he obtained his
Ph.D. degree. His biomedical research includes work on neuromuscle abnormalities,
muscular dystrophy, acute pesticide exposures, and polyneuropathies. Recently he
and his colleagues have been developing biomarkers of exposure and effect for
wildlife, including hepatocyte, muscle, and nerve cell cultures, blood cholinesterase
assays, and fecal testosterone indices of the reproductive state.
Donald G. Crosby is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Toxicology at the
University of California, Davis. With a Ph.D. in chemistry from Cal Tech and almost
8 years’ research at Union Carbide, he joined UC Davis in 1961 to start its Envi
ronmental Toxicology Department. He was a founding member of the American
Chemical Society Division of Pesticide Chemistry (now Agrochemicals), SETAC,
and the UC Davis Ecotoxicology Program, and still serves on the editorial boards
of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety and Reviews of Environmental Contam
ination and Toxicology. He is author of a new book. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry.
Contributors
S. Marshall Adams, Ph.D. Edward D. Goldberg, Ph.D.
Environmental Sciences Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Marine Research Division
Oak Ridge, Tennessee University of California
La Jolla, California
Daniel W. Anderson, Ph.D.
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Charles R. Goldman, Ph.D.
Conservation Biology Division of Environmental Studies
University of California, Davis University of California, Davis
Davis, California Davis, California
Joseph J. Cech, Jr., Ph.D. K. D. Ham, Ph.D.
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Sciences Division
Conservation Biology Oak Ridge National Laboratory
University of California, Davis Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Davis, California
Bruce D. Hammock, Ph.D.
Gary N. Cherr, Ph.D. Departments of Entomology and
University of California, Davis Environmental Toxicology
Department of Environmental University of California, Davis
Toxicology and Davis, California
Bodega Marine Laboratory
Bodega Bay, California Adam S. Harris, B.S.
Departments of Entomology and
Donald G. Crosby, Ph.D. Environmental Toxicology
Department of Environmental University of California, Davis
Toxicology Davis, California
University of California, Davis
Davis, California Alan G. Heath, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Anne Fairbrother, D.V.M.,Ph.D. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
ecological planning and toxicology, inc. University
Corvallis, Oregon Blacksburg, Virginia
Shirley J. Gee, M.S. Sabine B. Kreissig, Ph.D.
Departments of Entomology and Departments of Entomology and
Environmental Toxicology Environmental Toxicology
University of California, Davis University of California, Davis
Davis, California Davis, California
Bill L. Lasley, Ph.D. James N. Seiber, Ph.D.
Institute of Toxicology and University Center for Environmental
Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering
University of California, Davis Department of Environmental and
Davis, California Resource Sciences
University of Nevada, Reno
R. R LeHew, M.S. Reno, Nevada
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory George E. Taylor, Jr., Ph.D.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee College of Agriculture
University of Nevada, Reno
Simon A. Levin, Ph.D. Reno, Nevada
Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology Ronald S. Tjeerdema, Ph.D.
Princeton University Department of Chemistry and
Princeton, New Jersey Biochemistry
University of California, Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, California
Thomas E. McKone, Ph.D.
University of California
Ingrid Wengatz, Ph.D.
School of Public Health
Departments of Entomology and
and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Environmental Toxicology
Berkeley, California
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Pierre Mineau, Ph.D.
National Wildlife Research Centre
Barry W. Wilson, Ph.D.
Canadian Wildlife Service
Departments of Avian Sciences and
Hull, Québec, Canada
Environmental Toxicology
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Monika Wortberg, Ph.D.
Departments of Entomology and
Environmental Toxicology
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
Preface
The disciplinary areas of ecology and toxicology have made significant advances
toward common goals of better detection, evaluation, and understanding of the
complex interactions of toxicants in environmental settings. More than ever, we can
piece together the physical, chemical, and biological influences of these substances
and their effects on resident and migratory biota. We can often separate chronic from
acute effects and follow substances through food webs, investigate processes at
various levels of organization: from molecules and cells through tissues, organs, and
organisms, to populations and communities, and are beginning to examine effects
of more than one substance or impact on ecosystems. We are also assessing the
health of ecosystems relevant to these impacts, and the risk to nonhuman and human
inhabitants. The environmental impact review process and superfund site concerns
are more closely linking the work of scientists in agencies, consulting firms, and
universities. This volume is an attempt to pull together information from appropriate
experts to assess: (1) where we are today in these relevant fields, and (2) which tools
will be helpful in designing tomorrow’s studies.
The volume is divided into three sections: Impact of Multiple Stresses on
Ecosystems, Establishing the Health of Ecosystems, and Future Methods in Ecotox-
icology. It resulted from an international conference on this topic held October
14-15, 1993. The conference was sponsored by the University of California Toxic
Substances Program (Dr. Jerry Last, Director), especially through its Ecotoxicology
Program (directed at that time by Dr. Daniel Anderson, now directed by Dr. David
Hinton). The UC Ecotoxicology Program is a UC system-wide program that offers
support, primarily in the form of traineeships, to students pursuing graduate degrees
in areas such as ecology, pharmacology and toxicology, engineering, and others
which relate to ecotoxicological investigations. The Davis Campus is currently the
leader in the UC ecotoxicology thrust. The conference was also sponsored by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its support of the Center for Eco
logical Health Research (Dr. Dennis Rolston, Director) located on the Davis campus.
Many individuals contributed to the success of the conference. Its program,
leading to the chapters in this volume, was constructed by program committee
members Drs. Daniel Anderson, Donald Crosby, and Thomas McKone. The co
chairs were Drs. Joseph Cech and Barry Wilson. Conference-related correspondence
was handled by Ms. Marjorie Kirkman and Ms. Brenda Nakamoto of the UC Davis
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology. Ms. Evett Stranghellini-
Kilmartin (UC Ecotoxicology Program) and Ms. Cheryl Smith (Center for Ecolog
ical Health Research) assisted with conference organization, facilities, publicity, and
registration. Graduate student Monica Choi worked with Ms. Smith on the poster
displays; and Nancy Autumn, Donna Bartkowiak, Seth Coleman, Steve Detwiler,
Ruth Ann Elbert, Andrea Erikson, Adam Harris, Xiaoping Li, and Eric Mielbrecht
