Molecular Techniques for the Study of Hospital-Acquired Infection

237 Pages·2011·5.36 MB·English

MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES
FOR THE STUDY OF
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTION
MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES
FOR THE STUDY OF
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTION
EDITED BY
S L. F
TEVEN OLEY
NationalFarmMedicineCenter,MarshfieldClinicResearchFoundation,Marshfield,Wisconsin,
USA
A Y. C
NNE HEN
DivisionofInfectious Diseases, Henry FordHospital, Detroit,Michigan, USA
S S
HABBIR IMJEE
ElancoAnimalHealth, EliLillyandCompany, Basingstoke,Hampshire,UK
M J. Z
ARCUS ERVOS
DivisionofInfectious Diseases, Henry FordHospital, Detroit,Michigan, USA
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ISBN:978-0-470-42085-0
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
eISBN: 978-1-118-06382-8
oISBN: 978-1-118-06384-2
ePubISBN: 978-1-118-06383-5
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Missy and our kids, Colin, Riley and Ava, and to my parents
Steven L. Foley
To my husband Merwin and our children, Brandon and Kathryn
Anne Y. Chen
To my mother Farida, wife Saida, and son Usman
Shabbir Simjee
To my wife Ellene and children Mary, John, and Tommy
Marcus J. Zervos
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS ix
FOREWORD xi
PREFACE xiii
I INTRODUCTION TO HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
AND THEIR CONTROL 1
1 The Hospital and Ambulatory Care Environment 3
Hiren Pokharnaand Anne Y. Chen
2 Pathogen Transmission in the Healthcare Setting 23
Sonja Hansen and Ralf-Peter Vonberg
3 Infection Control Basics 39
Louise-Marie Dembry and CarlosTorres-Viera
4 Cost Effectiveness of Infection Control Program 55
Marc-Oliver Wright and EliN. Perencevich
5 Outbreak Investigations (Importance of the
Healthcare Epidemiologist) 71
Faiqa AlamCheema and MarcusJ.Zervos
6 Pathogen Elimination: Antibiotic and Disinfectant
Use and the Development of Resistance 83
Steven L. Foley, Beilei Ge,CarlM. Schroeder, and Aaron M. Lynne
vii
viii Contents
II TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE
NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS 105
7 Rapid PCR Screening Methods 107
Ngolela EstherBabady,Franklin R.Cockerill, and Robin Patel
8 Restriction Analysis Techniques 135
RichardV. Goering, Mary E. Stemper, Sanjay K. Shukla, and
Steven L. Foley
9 Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis 145
Mary E. Stemper, Steven L. Foley, RichardV. Goering, and
Sanjay K. Shukla
III APPLICATION OF TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE
PREDOMINANT NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS 161
10 Staphylococcusaureus 163
Vanthida Huangand Samantha J.Eells
11 Escherichiacoli 179
JohannD. D. Pitout
12 Fungal Infections 193
JoseA. Vazquez
INDEX 217
Contributors
NGOLELA ESTHER BABADY, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
FAIQAALAMCHEEMA,M.D., DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,HenryFordHospital,Detroit,
Michigan 48202
ANNE Y. CHEN, M.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
Michigan 48202
FRANKLIN R. COCKERILL, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
LOUISE-MARIE DEMBRY,M.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University Schoolof
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
STEVEN L. FOLEY, PH.D., National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research
Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449
BEILEI GE, PH.D., Food Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana 70803
RICHARD V. GOERING, PH.D., Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
SONJA HANSEN, M.D., M.P.H., Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine,
Charit(cid:1)e—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin,
Germany
VANTHIDA HUANG, PHAR M.D., Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy
and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
AARONM.LYNNE,PH.D., DepartmentofBiologicalScience,SamHoustonStateUniver-
sity, Huntsville, Texas 77341
ROBIN PATEL, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
ix
x
Contributors
ELI N. PERENCEVICH, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa 52242
HIRENPOKHARNA,M.D.,M.P.H., DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,HenryFordHospital,
Detroit, Michigan, 48202
JOHANN D. D. PITOUT, M.D., Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services,
Calgary, Alberta, T2L 2K8, Canada
CARLM.SCHROEDER,PH.D., OfficeofPublicHealthandScience,USDAFoodSafetyand
Inspection Service, Washington, DC 20250
SANJAY K. SHUKLA, PH.D., Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research
Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449
SHABBIR SIMJEE, PH.D., Elanco Animal Health, Eli Lilly and Company Limited,
Hampshire, RG24 9NL, United Kingdom
MARYE.STEMPER,M.S., DivisionofLaboratoryMedicine,MarshfieldClinic,Marshfield,
Wisconsin 54449
CARLOS TORRES-VIERA, M.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
JOSE A. VAZQUEZ, M.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
Michigan 48202
RALF-PETERVONBERG,M.D., InstituteforMedicalMicrobiologyandHospitalEpidemio-
logy, Medical School Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
MARC-OLIVERWRIGHT,M.T.(ASCP),M.S., DepartmentofInfectionControl,Evanston
Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, Illinois 60201
MARCUS J. ZERVOS, M.D., Wayne State University School of Medicine and Division of
Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202
Foreword
Nosocomialinfectionscontinuetobeanissueofincreasingimportance,especiallyinlightof
thefactthatmanyofthesepathogensarebecomingincreasinglyresistanttoourefforttotreat
them,resultingininfectionsthathavesignificantmorbidity,mortality,andcost.Withthe
emergence of strains with increasing levels of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents,
along with limited new drugs, we are faced with formidable diagnostic, prevention, and
treatmentchallengesfornosocomialpathogens.Despitethesechallenges,ourunderstanding
of epidemiology, mechanisms for pathogen control, and measures for detection and
characterization has also progressed.
Much has been written recently about the problems of healthcare-associated infec-
tions and the development of antimicrobial resistance in the causative organisms.
Techniques for the Study of Hospital-Acquired Infection is, however, a unique and concise
textprovidingstate-of-the-artinformation.Itprovidestheinfectioncontrolpractitioner,
clinician,epidemiologist,andmicrobiologistapracticaltooltounderstandthemechanism
and implementation of a comprehensive program to study and control healthcare-
associated infections.
Thetextofthebookisdividedintothreeparts.PartIisanintroductiontohealthcare-
associatedinfectionsandtheircontrol,whilePartIIfocusesonthetechniquestocharacterize
nosocomial pathogens; Part III examines the application of techniques to characterize
predominant nosocomial pathogens focusing on representative Gram-positive, Gram-
negative, and fungal pathogens.
Thetextiswrittenbyaninternationallyrecognizedteamofcontributors.Importantly,it
istheclinicalperspectivethatdistinguishesthisbookfromotherpublications,anditisthe
xi
xii
Foreword
coordinationofinfectioncontrol,laboratorymethods,andexplorationofclinicalpractices
to control pathogens that will be of interest to readers and will help the healthcare
practitionerdevelopimprovedstrategiestominimizetheimpactofnosocomialinfections
on patients.
BARBARA E. MURRAY, M.D.
J. Ralph Meadows Professorand Director,
Division of Infectious Diseases Houston,Texas
December 2010