Mine Clearance Industry

369 Pages·2007·1.72 MB·English

NAVAL
POSTGRADUATE
SCHOOL

MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA

MBA PROFESSIONAL REPORT

Mine Clearance Industry:
Background, Geography, Funding, Analysis and
Future Projections

By: Erkan DÖNMEZ
December 2007

Advisors: Nicholas Dew,
Bryan Hudgens

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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December/2007 MBA Professional Report
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Mine Clearance Industry: Background, Geography, Funding, Analysis and Future
Projections

6. AUTHOR(S) Erkan Donmez
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER
Monterey, CA 93943-5000
9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy
or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
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13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)
Contrary to common belief, the problems caused by landmines or other counter mobility devices have been threatening
the lives of human beings for thousands of years. However, the actual efforts to remove the buried mines are a comparatively new
issue.
The mine clearance industry has been growing steadily, mostly because of increasing demand from the mine-afflicted
countries, NGOs, International organizations and the wealthy donor countries having financial resources to attract the growing
industry.
The imbalance between the supply and the demand, and the financial constraints of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, and
international organizations make the efforts much more difficult to deal with. Due to these challenges faced by the stakeholders, a
thorough review of the current system and prevalent shortfalls needs to be addressed.
This study tries to cover the background of the problem, geography of the mine contamination, funding mechanisms,
dynamics of the organizations dealing with the problem, efforts to achieve a mine-free world and recommendations for solution of
the problem in the future. The mine clearance industry has also been thoroughly analyzed by using Porter’s “Five Forces
Analysis,” considering the governments of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, International organizations, commercial clearance
firms and the donor countries having financial resources.

14. SUBJECT TERMS: Mine clearance Industry, Mine Clearance Firm, Mine Clearance Company, 15. NUMBER OF
De-mining Industry, Demining Industry, Demining Company, De-mining Company, Commercial PAGES
Demining Firm, Commercial De-mining Firm, Commercial Demining Company, Commercial De- 369
mining Company, mine risk education, mine awareness, Five Forces Analysis, ITF, MACC, ICBL 16. PRICE CODE
17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT
REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU
NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

MINE CLEARANCE INDUSTRY: BACKGROUND, GEOGRAPHY, FUNDING,
ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS

Erkan Dönmez, Captain, Turkish Army

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
December 2007

Author: _____________________________________
Erkan Dönmez

Approved by: _____________________________________
Nicholas Dew, Lead Advisor

_____________________________________
Bryan Hudgens, Support Advisor

_____________________________________
Robert N. Beck, Dean
Graduate School of Business and Public Policy
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MINE CLEARANCE INDUSTRY:
BACKGROUND, GEOGRAPHY, FUNDING, ANALYSIS AND
FUTURE PROJECTIONS

ABSTRACT

Contrary to common belief, the problems caused by landmines or other counter
mobility devices have been threatening the lives of human beings for thousands of years.
However, the actual efforts to remove the buried mines are a comparatively new issue.
The mine clearance industry has been growing steadily, mostly because of
increasing demand from the mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, international organizations
and the wealthy donor countries having financial resources to attract the growing
industry.
The imbalance between the supply and the demand, and the financial constraints
of mine-afflicted countries, NGOs, and international organizations make the efforts much
more difficult to deal with. Due to these challenges faced by the stakeholders, a thorough
review of the current system and prevalent shortfalls needs to be addressed.
This study tries to cover the background of the problem, geography of the mine
contamination, funding mechanisms, dynamics of the organizations dealing with the
problem, efforts to achieve a mine-free world and recommendations for solution of the
problem in the future. The mine clearance industry has also been thoroughly analyzed by
using Porter’s “Five Forces Analysis,” considering the governments of mine-afflicted
countries, NGOs, International organizations, commercial clearance firms, and the donor
countries having financial resources.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................1
I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3
A. BACKGROUND..............................................................................................3
B. PURPOSE.........................................................................................................3
C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................3
D. METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................4
E. ORGANIZATION...........................................................................................4
F. BENEFITS OF STUDY...................................................................................5
G. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION.........................................5
II. THE HISTORY OF MINE PROBLEM AND MINE CLEARANCE....................7
A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................7
B. HISTORY OF LANDMINES.........................................................................9
1. Early Mines...........................................................................................9
2. Explosive Mines..................................................................................12
3. Pressure-Operated Landmines.........................................................14
4. Mine Use Before the First World War.............................................15
5. Mine Use During World War I.........................................................17
6. Mine Use During World War II.......................................................18
7. Mine Use During the Korean War...................................................21
8. Mine Use During the Vietnam War.................................................23
9. Mine Use During the Arab-Israeli Wars.........................................26
10. Mine Use During the War in Rhodesia............................................27
11. Mine Use During the War in Afghanistan.......................................30
12. Mine Use During The Iran-Iraq War..............................................33
13. Mine Use During the Gulf War........................................................34
14. Countermine Actions.........................................................................37
a. Countermine Actions in Ancient Times:................................37
b. Countermine Actions during the 19th-20th Centuries:.........40
c. Manual Mine clearance..........................................................42
d. Military De-mining vs. Humanitarian De-mining:...............43
C. PHASES OF HUMANITARIAN DE-MINING IN THE 20TH
CENTURY:....................................................................................................44
1. Initiation of Mine Action—the Afghanistan Case..........................44
2. The Birth of International Mine Action—NGOs............................45
3. The Birth of Commercial De-mining Companies...........................46
III. FUNDING OF DE-MINING.....................................................................................49
A. GENERAL......................................................................................................49
B. DONORS........................................................................................................52
C. COORDINATION OF RESOURCES FOR MINE ACTION...................56
D. ORGANIZATIONS/AGENCIES/MAJOR DONORS...............................60
1. U.N.......................................................................................................60
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a. Resource Mobilization Mechanisms of U.N..........................60
b. Mine Action Funding Mechanisms of U.N...........................68
2. E.U.:.....................................................................................................79
3. U.S. Funds...........................................................................................82
4. International Trust (ITF) Funds......................................................96
IV. CURRENT STATUS AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE MINE PROBLEM105
A. GENERAL SITUATION............................................................................105
1. Numbers Showing the General Outline of Landmine
Contamination..................................................................................107
B. ASIA-PACIFIC............................................................................................110
1. Mine Affected Countries in Asia Pacific-Region...........................112
a. Afghanistan...........................................................................112
b. Cambodia...............................................................................114
c. Vietnam..................................................................................116
C. EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (INCLUDING MIDDLE EAST)......118
1. Bosnia and Herzegovina..................................................................120
2. Croatia..............................................................................................122
3. Iraq....................................................................................................124
D. AFRICA........................................................................................................127
1. Background......................................................................................127
2. Angola...............................................................................................129
3. Burundi.............................................................................................131
4. Chad..................................................................................................132
5. Democratic Republic of the Congo.................................................133
6. Egypt.................................................................................................134
7. Eritrea...............................................................................................135
8. Ethiopia.............................................................................................136
9. Mozambique.....................................................................................137
10. Somalia..............................................................................................139
11. Sudan.................................................................................................140
12. Zimbabwe.........................................................................................142
V. ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES DEALING WITH LANDMINES
AND LANDMINE RELATED PROBLEMS........................................................145
A. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................145
B. AGENCIES DEALING WITH LANDMINES.........................................145
1. Domestic Solutions...........................................................................145
2. International Solutions....................................................................146
a. U.N. Mechanism...................................................................147
b. U.S. Mechanism....................................................................148
c. E.U. Policy.............................................................................149
d. ITF.........................................................................................150
C. STAKEHOLDERS......................................................................................150
1. Mine Affected Countries.................................................................150
2. Organizations, Communities..........................................................151
3. Donor countries (Major ones).........................................................151
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