Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Abdomen in Dorsal Recumbent Male Donkey

18 Pages·2016·2.43 MB·English

Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief

Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Abdomen in Dorsal
Recumbent Male Donkey (Equus acinus)
1 2
M. A. Nazih and M. W. El- Sharief
1Department of Anatomy, faculty of veterinary medicine, New Valley, Assiut University.
2Department of Surgery, faculty of veterinary medicine, New Valley, Assiut University

With 10 figure received August, accepted for publication September 2016
Abstract
Laparoscopic anatomy of the abdo- study described two dangerous tri-
men is an applied anatomical study, angular areas; TD and TP especially
which provides an accurate and during endoscopic repair of inguinal
detailed description of the anatomy of hernia. The work is considered as a
7 the abdomen of donkey positioned in gate to further endoscopic anatomy
dorsal recumbency. It has a diagno- and the donkey was an ideal
9
stic and a therapeutic surgical impor- experimental model.
tance. The laparoscopy was perfor-
med on ten adult apparently healthy Keywords: Donkey, laparoscopy,
Fig (9): Histochemical micrograph of a cross-section of group C (Stress male donkeys average of 7-12 years dorsal recumbence, laparoscopic
from oral gavaging) for 8 weeks. Stain: H&E. Slide showing the seminiferous old. In order to record the normal anatomy.
tubules;. PPR: PAS positive reactions. Stain: PAS; Magnification: x 400. laparoscopic anatomy of the abdo-
men in dorsal recumbency. The Introduction

preoperative techniques were consi-
Endoscopic anatomy of live animal
dered. General anesthesia was
differs than the structural anatomy in
induced and maintained with total
a cadaver. For successful laparosco-
intravenous agents. Laparoscope
py, surgeons need to gain full de-
was delivered into the abdomen via
tailed anatomical information about

an umbilical main cannula. Laparo-
structures dealing with in the abdo-
scope and associated video recor-
men. Different studies described the
ding system were used to obtain a
laparoscopic anatomy of dogs were
clear, magnified and panoramic
carried out by Atiba (2003) and of
shoots of the abdominal cavity. The
equines by Galuppo et al. (1995).
anatomical findings obtained were
Most authors used fixed animal
8 more real and vital than that of fixed bodies fixed in 10% formalin concen-
cadavers. The peristaltic motility as
trate in their description of domestic
well as the vascularization of the
animals (El-Hagri, 1967; Nickle et al.,
serous layer of peritoneum and the
abdominal organs was notified. The
J. Vet. Anat. 5 9 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief
1973; Dyce et al., 1987) & König and Ten adult apparently healthy local Xenon cold daylight was used to and peristaltic movement of intestinal
Liebich, 2014). breed donkeys with average weight Illuminate the abdominal cavity. Ana- tract. In both parts of the abdominal
230-250 kg, aged from 7-12 years tomical structures of the abdominal cavity; the cranial Intra-thoracic and
In the present study, tried to describe
were used for this study. cavity were obtained while animal in caudal Intra-pelvic part: the large
the abdominal structures in the life
Trendelenburg position [the head intestine especially the ventral parts
state. The anatomical descriptive Animals were fasted for 24 hours and
tilted down the level of hind quarter] of the ascending and descending
terminology were used according to water was allowed ad lib. Prior
while the anatomy of cranial portion colon as well as the jejunum of small
NAV (2005). surgery, general health chick up was
of abdominal cavity was obtained intestine, form obstacles that mask
performed to ascertain good general
Laparoscopy is an endoscopic surgi- with the animal positioned in reverse some other abdominal organs.
health status of the experimental
cal procedure by which a variety of Trendelenburg position [the head up
animals. Antibiotics and anti-inflam-
intra-abdominal and pelvic diagnostic position] (Fig 1). Intestine (Figs 2,3,5,6 &8)
matories were administered 12 hours
and therapeutic procedures can be It should be noted that the motile
prior and 72 hours post surgery. The anatomical features, organ ar-
performed (Kumar, 2014). activity of live intestine in the
rangement and relations were rec-
Animals were sedated by using examined cases reveals that the
Since the first canine experimental orded. The laparoscope was re-
xylazine Hcl in a dose of 1.1 mg/kg anatomical arrangement of the large
laparoscopic procedure done in moved and gas was permit to es-
Bwt and anesthesia was induced by and small parts of intestine is chan-
1901, laparoscopic procedures were cape. Umbilical wound was sutured
Ketamine Hcl in a dose of 2.2 mg/kg ged during examination, in addition,
described in different animal species and antiseptics were applied. Ani-
Bwt. Anesthesia was maintained by the attended posture of investigation
including equine (Hendrickson, 2012) mals were positioned in lateral re-
repeated one third ketamine dose may shift the cecum to unseen area.
,cattle (Babkine and Desrochers, cumbence and allowed for recovery.
2005), small ruminants (Dovenski et (Delling, 2005). Local analgesic was The ventral ascending colon (colon
infiltrated at the umbilicus. Animals ascendens) has right and left
al.,2012), canines (Abd El-Alim,
2008) and in some exotic animals were dorsally positioned and secured Results portions (pars dextrum & pars
by robes to the surgical table. sinistrum); the former is related to the
(Anderson et al.,1996). Laparoscopy Laparoscopic investigation of the
ventral parts of the liver, while the
is a minimal invasive procedure aims Ventral abdomen was clipped, abdominal cavity in the dorsal recum-
latter one is related to the spleen.
to achieve the purpose of traditional scrubbed, draped and prepared for bent male donkeys reveals most of
These structures are connected
surgical procedures with minimal in- aseptic surgery. The umbilicus inci- the anatomical structures and organs
together cranially by the sternal
tra and post-operative complications sed and grasped by two towel that lodged in the intra-thoracic and
flexure (flexura sternalis).
and as well as tissue damage. clamps and the main portal safety intra-pelvic portions of the abdominal
The intestinal mass is similar in
cannula were directly inserted into cavity. Some of the internal organs of
Food withholding period, degree of
shape and they have an external
the abdominal cavity (open technique the abdomen may not appear in
pneumoperitoneum and animal posi-
segmentation, which are connected
according to Palmer (1993). regard to the huge sized large intes-
tion are main factors affecting organ
externally together by longitudinal
tinal mass. In general consideration,
arrangement and relationship within Standard pneumoperitoneum to 12
fibrous bands (Taeniae coli) and the
the anatomical examination in the
the abdominal cavity, another factor mm hg was created using automatic
segmentations are known by haustra
live animals differ than that of dead
affecting the endoscopic view of insufflator. Rigid endoscope with 10
coli or sacculations. The descending
fixed one. Although in the former
abdominal cavity is the endoscope mm outer diameter, 45 cm length and
colon (colon descen-dens) is lodged
condition, the investigator can exa-
port position. zero degree-viewing angle connected
caudally at the pelvic inlet and
mine the color of the peritoneum with
to high definition video camera and
characterized by double taeniae as
the configuration of its vasculari-
display were used to obtain a highly
well as two rows of sacculations that
zation as well as that of the organs
Material and methods magnified intra abdominal view.
model the final form of fecal mater.
J. Vet. Anat. 6 0 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief

1973; Dyce et al., 1987) & König and Ten adult apparently healthy local Xenon cold daylight was used to and peristaltic movement of intestinal
Liebich, 2014). breed donkeys with average weight Illuminate the abdominal cavity. Ana- tract. In both parts of the abdominal
230-250 kg, aged from 7-12 years tomical structures of the abdominal cavity; the cranial Intra-thoracic and
In the present study, tried to describe
were used for this study. cavity were obtained while animal in caudal Intra-pelvic part: the large
the abdominal structures in the life
Trendelenburg position [the head intestine especially the ventral parts
state. The anatomical descriptive Animals were fasted for 24 hours and
tilted down the level of hind quarter] of the ascending and descending
terminology were used according to water was allowed ad lib. Prior
while the anatomy of cranial portion colon as well as the jejunum of small
NAV (2005). surgery, general health chick up was
of abdominal cavity was obtained intestine, form obstacles that mask
performed to ascertain good general
Laparoscopy is an endoscopic surgi- with the animal positioned in reverse some other abdominal organs.
health status of the experimental
cal procedure by which a variety of Trendelenburg position [the head up
animals. Antibiotics and anti-inflam-
intra-abdominal and pelvic diagnostic position] (Fig 1). Intestine (Figs 2,3,5,6 &8)
matories were administered 12 hours
and therapeutic procedures can be It should be noted that the motile
prior and 72 hours post surgery. The anatomical features, organ ar-
performed (Kumar, 2014). activity of live intestine in the
rangement and relations were rec-
Animals were sedated by using examined cases reveals that the
Since the first canine experimental orded. The laparoscope was re-
xylazine Hcl in a dose of 1.1 mg/kg anatomical arrangement of the large
laparoscopic procedure done in moved and gas was permit to es-
Bwt and anesthesia was induced by and small parts of intestine is chan-
1901, laparoscopic procedures were cape. Umbilical wound was sutured
Ketamine Hcl in a dose of 2.2 mg/kg ged during examination, in addition,
described in different animal species and antiseptics were applied. Ani-
Bwt. Anesthesia was maintained by the attended posture of investigation
including equine (Hendrickson, 2012) mals were positioned in lateral re-
repeated one third ketamine dose may shift the cecum to unseen area.
,cattle (Babkine and Desrochers, cumbence and allowed for recovery.
2005), small ruminants (Dovenski et (Delling, 2005). Local analgesic was The ventral ascending colon (colon
infiltrated at the umbilicus. Animals ascendens) has right and left
al.,2012), canines (Abd El-Alim,
2008) and in some exotic animals were dorsally positioned and secured Results portions (pars dextrum & pars
by robes to the surgical table. sinistrum); the former is related to the
(Anderson et al.,1996). Laparoscopy Laparoscopic investigation of the
ventral parts of the liver, while the
is a minimal invasive procedure aims Ventral abdomen was clipped, abdominal cavity in the dorsal recum-
latter one is related to the spleen.
to achieve the purpose of traditional scrubbed, draped and prepared for bent male donkeys reveals most of
These structures are connected
surgical procedures with minimal in- aseptic surgery. The umbilicus inci- the anatomical structures and organs
together cranially by the sternal
tra and post-operative complications sed and grasped by two towel that lodged in the intra-thoracic and
flexure (flexura sternalis).
and as well as tissue damage. clamps and the main portal safety intra-pelvic portions of the abdominal
The intestinal mass is similar in
cannula were directly inserted into cavity. Some of the internal organs of
Food withholding period, degree of
shape and they have an external
the abdominal cavity (open technique the abdomen may not appear in
pneumoperitoneum and animal posi-
segmentation, which are connected
according to Palmer (1993). regard to the huge sized large intes-
tion are main factors affecting organ
externally together by longitudinal
tinal mass. In general consideration,
arrangement and relationship within Standard pneumoperitoneum to 12
fibrous bands (Taeniae coli) and the
the anatomical examination in the
the abdominal cavity, another factor mm hg was created using automatic
segmentations are known by haustra
live animals differ than that of dead
affecting the endoscopic view of insufflator. Rigid endoscope with 10
coli or sacculations. The descending
fixed one. Although in the former
abdominal cavity is the endoscope mm outer diameter, 45 cm length and
colon (colon descen-dens) is lodged
condition, the investigator can exa-
port position. zero degree-viewing angle connected
caudally at the pelvic inlet and
mine the color of the peritoneum with
to high definition video camera and
characterized by double taeniae as
the configuration of its vasculari-
display were used to obtain a highly
well as two rows of sacculations that
zation as well as that of the organs
Material and methods magnified intra abdominal view.
model the final form of fecal mater.
J. Vet. Anat. 6 1 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief
Regarding to the intra-thoracic part of round ligament of liver (Lig. teres remnant of the right and left umbilical vein (V. testicularis) that enter and
the abdominal cavity, the organs that hepatis), which pass ventrally on the artery respectively, which are now leave the testis respectively (Fig 9).
significantly investigated are the abdominal wall to the umbilicus (Fig the round ligaments of urinary The non vascular part is the vas
caudoventral part of diaphragm, liver 2). The caudodorsal border of the bladder (Lig. teres vesicae). deferens which emerges from the
and spleen. liver was attached to the central The cranioventral border of the cord to the pelvic urethra (Fig 8). The
tendenous part of the diaphragm by bladder is connected to the floor of mesentery that lodged in between is
Diaphragma (Figs 2,3&4)
the triangular ligament (Fig 4). the abdominal cavity with a peri- the mesorchium, which suspends the
Due to extension of the ascending
toneal fold; middle vesico-umbilical testis with the dorsal abdominal wall
colon, the dorsal parts and roots of
Lien (Fig 5) ligament (Lig. Vesicae medianum). in the sublumbar region. All the
the diaphragm could not be detected.
The spleen is bluish in color, present The mid point of junction between the above mentioned structures reach
Meanwhile, the laparoscopic exami-
in the left hypochondric subregion of folds of the bladder is represented by and leave the testis via the vaginal
nation in recumbent position detects
the intra-thoracic part of the ab- the remnant of uracus of the embryo. ring.
the ventral parts of diaphragm; the
dominal cavity. Its two surfaces could
fleshy parts (costal and sternal) (Pars Peritoneum (Figs 7&9) It is important to point out that the
be seen. The parietal surface is
costalis & pars sternalis) and central It is a colorless glistening vasculari- investigator must differentiate bet-
related to the lateral abdominal wall
tendinous part (Centrum tendineum). zed serous membrane lines the ween the vaginal ring and deep
and the visceral one to the ascending
The costal parts are attached to the abdominal wall internally. It has two inguinal ring. The vaginal ring is a slit
colon.
ribs laterally and met ventrally to form portions; parietal and visceral. The like opening measures about 2-2.5

the sternal part on the xiphoid former lines to the abdominal wall cm in width and is located on the
Vesica urinaria (Figs 6,7&8)
cartilage. Both halves of the costal and covers the cranial portions of the deep inguinal ring on the caudal
The most important organ in the
part of the diaphragm are broad flat organs of the pelvic cavity to form the border of the internal abdominal obli-
intra-pelvic part of the abdominal
muscle fibers, measures about 10-13 pelvic pouches. In the recumbent queus muscle (M. obliquus internus
cavity is the urinary bladder. It covers
cm in width and extends from the ribs poisoned cases, the vesicopubic abdominis). This ring is formed due
the overlaying structures; urogenital
laterally to the central tendinous part. pouch is clearly seen. The visceral to invagination of the testicle with the
fold and rectum
The later is characterized by its part of the peritoneum covers the vas deferens and surrounded blood
whitish fibrous appearance and The urinary bladder is a distended or abdominal organs and in some loca- vessels and bounded by the parietal
branched phrenic veins in between. an empty sac that lies on the pubic tions it forms a ligamentous attach- peritoneum.
Both parts of the diaphragm are tubercle and extends on the pubic ment between the adjacent organs or
Ductus deferens (Figs 6-9&10)
covered by serous colorless parietal symphysis. The cranial portion of the fixes the organs with the abdominal
The vas deferens emerges from the
layer of peritoneum. bladder is covered by serous parietal wall. The peritoneum carries minute
vaginal ring to the abdominal cavity
peritoneum while the caudal one is capillary tree extends along the
and passes in a caudo-ventromedial
Hepar (Figs 3,4&5) retroperitoneal. It is present between membrane.
direction crossing the round ligament
The cranioventrally exposed parts of the vesico pubic pelvic pouch The inguinal region is an important
caudo-dorsally to the bladder. It
the liver, are reddish to brownish in ventrally and genitovesical pouch region from the anatomical point of
should be noticed that the triangular
color with sharp, tapered and pointed dorsally. It is connected to the pelvic view. The most characteristic ana-
area that restricted laterally by the
cranioventral border. The interlobar and abdominal wall laterally by a tomical structure is the spermatic
spermatic vessels and medially by
fissure (Incisura interlobares) which peritoneal fold, the right and left cord, which has vascular and non-
the vas deferens, the parietal
lies between the quadrate and left lateral vesico umbilical ligaments vascular parts as well as mesentery.
peritoneum covers on the external
central lobes are characterized by (Lig. Vesicae laterale). Each free The vascular part is formed by the
iliac artery and vein (A &V iliaca
the emergence of the falciform and border of the ligaments has a testicular artery (A. testicularis) and
externa) as well as the obtiurator
J. Vet. Anat. 6 2 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief

Regarding to the intra-thoracic part of round ligament of liver (Lig. teres remnant of the right and left umbilical vein (V. testicularis) that enter and
the abdominal cavity, the organs that hepatis), which pass ventrally on the artery respectively, which are now leave the testis respectively (Fig 9).
significantly investigated are the abdominal wall to the umbilicus (Fig the round ligaments of urinary The non vascular part is the vas
caudoventral part of diaphragm, liver 2). The caudodorsal border of the bladder (Lig. teres vesicae). deferens which emerges from the
and spleen. liver was attached to the central The cranioventral border of the cord to the pelvic urethra (Fig 8). The
tendenous part of the diaphragm by bladder is connected to the floor of mesentery that lodged in between is
Diaphragma (Figs 2,3&4)
the triangular ligament (Fig 4). the abdominal cavity with a peri- the mesorchium, which suspends the
Due to extension of the ascending
toneal fold; middle vesico-umbilical testis with the dorsal abdominal wall
colon, the dorsal parts and roots of
Lien (Fig 5) ligament (Lig. Vesicae medianum). in the sublumbar region. All the
the diaphragm could not be detected.
The spleen is bluish in color, present The mid point of junction between the above mentioned structures reach
Meanwhile, the laparoscopic exami-
in the left hypochondric subregion of folds of the bladder is represented by and leave the testis via the vaginal
nation in recumbent position detects
the intra-thoracic part of the ab- the remnant of uracus of the embryo. ring.
the ventral parts of diaphragm; the
dominal cavity. Its two surfaces could
fleshy parts (costal and sternal) (Pars Peritoneum (Figs 7&9) It is important to point out that the
be seen. The parietal surface is
costalis & pars sternalis) and central It is a colorless glistening vasculari- investigator must differentiate bet-
related to the lateral abdominal wall
tendinous part (Centrum tendineum). zed serous membrane lines the ween the vaginal ring and deep
and the visceral one to the ascending
The costal parts are attached to the abdominal wall internally. It has two inguinal ring. The vaginal ring is a slit
colon.
ribs laterally and met ventrally to form portions; parietal and visceral. The like opening measures about 2-2.5

the sternal part on the xiphoid former lines to the abdominal wall cm in width and is located on the
Vesica urinaria (Figs 6,7&8)
cartilage. Both halves of the costal and covers the cranial portions of the deep inguinal ring on the caudal
The most important organ in the
part of the diaphragm are broad flat organs of the pelvic cavity to form the border of the internal abdominal obli-
intra-pelvic part of the abdominal
muscle fibers, measures about 10-13 pelvic pouches. In the recumbent queus muscle (M. obliquus internus
cavity is the urinary bladder. It covers
cm in width and extends from the ribs poisoned cases, the vesicopubic abdominis). This ring is formed due
the overlaying structures; urogenital
laterally to the central tendinous part. pouch is clearly seen. The visceral to invagination of the testicle with the
fold and rectum
The later is characterized by its part of the peritoneum covers the vas deferens and surrounded blood
whitish fibrous appearance and The urinary bladder is a distended or abdominal organs and in some loca- vessels and bounded by the parietal
branched phrenic veins in between. an empty sac that lies on the pubic tions it forms a ligamentous attach- peritoneum.
Both parts of the diaphragm are tubercle and extends on the pubic ment between the adjacent organs or
Ductus deferens (Figs 6-9&10)
covered by serous colorless parietal symphysis. The cranial portion of the fixes the organs with the abdominal
The vas deferens emerges from the
layer of peritoneum. bladder is covered by serous parietal wall. The peritoneum carries minute
vaginal ring to the abdominal cavity
peritoneum while the caudal one is capillary tree extends along the
and passes in a caudo-ventromedial
Hepar (Figs 3,4&5) retroperitoneal. It is present between membrane.
direction crossing the round ligament
The cranioventrally exposed parts of the vesico pubic pelvic pouch The inguinal region is an important
caudo-dorsally to the bladder. It
the liver, are reddish to brownish in ventrally and genitovesical pouch region from the anatomical point of
should be noticed that the triangular
color with sharp, tapered and pointed dorsally. It is connected to the pelvic view. The most characteristic ana-
area that restricted laterally by the
cranioventral border. The interlobar and abdominal wall laterally by a tomical structure is the spermatic
spermatic vessels and medially by
fissure (Incisura interlobares) which peritoneal fold, the right and left cord, which has vascular and non-
the vas deferens, the parietal
lies between the quadrate and left lateral vesico umbilical ligaments vascular parts as well as mesentery.
peritoneum covers on the external
central lobes are characterized by (Lig. Vesicae laterale). Each free The vascular part is formed by the
iliac artery and vein (A &V iliaca
the emergence of the falciform and border of the ligaments has a testicular artery (A. testicularis) and
externa) as well as the obtiurator
J. Vet. Anat. 6 3 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief
nerve (N. Obtiuratorius) which pass and preserved in the body in situ with The study is totally in agreement with On the other hand, it is important to
within the area, so that it is a contra direct contact together showing the the authors in describing the urinary differentiate between the vaginal ring
indicated to surgeons to do surgical impressions on the organs, in bladder (Nickle et al., 1973; Dyce et and the deep inguinal ring, as men-
interference in this area avoiding addition to discoloration of the al., 1987 and König and Liebich, tioned Sisson, Grossman & Getty
injury of that vital structures. This tissues and organs. 2014) in domestic animals. (1975) in domestic animals.
area is known by the triangle of doom
The laparoscopic appearance of the In the field of surgical anatomy, Laparoscopy involves insertion of a
(TD). On the lateral side to TD, the
large intestine in this study notified concerning the inguinal region it rigid endoscope into the abdominal
imaginary ilio-pubic line encloses
the disappearance of the cecum on should be noticed that the testicular cavity through a minute abdominal
with the spermatic cord, a triangular
the floor of the abdomen that is due vessels and vas deferens comprises incision, which is usually the umbi-
area of pain (TP) that includes the
to the preparation protocol before the a triangular area known as triangle of licus of the patient; it provides the
femoral nerve (N. femoralis) and
endoscopy, in addition to the prestal- doom; through it the external iliac operator with a highly magnified
lateral cutaneous femoral n. (N.
tic motility. Nickle et al. (1973), Dyce vessels pass and the peritoneum image of the abdominal organs. In
cutaneus femoris lateralis). The
et al.(1987) and König and Liebich covers up on, so it should be notified recent years laparoscopy had
surgical activity is dangerous in this
(2014) in domestic animals, men- that it is dangerous to interfere or evolved almost all fields of traditional
area (Figs 7,8,9&10).
tioned that the cecum run on the floor dissect within the area during the surgery, a complete thorough under-

of the abdominal cavity, it extended endoscopic repair of inguinal hernia, standing of laparoscopic abdominal
Discussion
from the right paralumbar fossa it could be fatal. A result which is and pelvic anatomy of dorsal
The endoscopic anatomical study in
caudally to the xiphoid region cra- totally in agreement with that of Spaw recumbent donkeys will enhance the
the living donkey of the recent work,
nially. (1991) and O'Malley et al.(1997) in diagnostic and therapeutic abilities of
revealed the most anatomical struc-
man. Moreover, the present findings laparoscopy procedures.
tures of the abdominal cavity that Concerning the liver and spleen, the
added the presence of the obturator
could be seen in a recumbent posi- laparoscopic finding recorded them In the present laparoscopic anato-
nerve within the area.
tion. The study notified the abdominal without impressions from adjacent mical study of the abdominal cavity in
contents including the shape and the organs as well as normal coloriza- It was significant to point out the donkeys, the mean procedure time
coloration of the serous peritoneum tion. Nickle et al. (1973) & Dyce et al. triangular area, which is located was 35±7minutes that permits
as well as the intestine with the (1987) in domestic animals cited laterally to the triangle of doom thorough investigation of both cranial
adjacent organs. The anatomical fin- impressions on both. between the testicular vessels and and caudal portions of the abdomen.
dings were more real and vital than the imagery iliopubic line. It contains
The anatomical structures of the
The total intravenous anesthetic
that of postmortem one and gave an the femoral nerve, lateral cutaneous
diaphragm, were similar with that of
accurate anatomical data for sur- femoral branch of femoral nerve, so protocol presented by Mama (2000),
most of authors (El- Hagri, 1967;
geons. the activity within this area may was satisfying and provided an
Nickle et al.,1973 and Dyce et al.,
The current descriptive findings rec- cause sever pain, the area named adequate anesthetic duration and
1987) in domestic animals.
orded the motility of the intestine and triangle of pain. Similar results were proper efficacy which could be con-
the absence of organ impressions as The laparoscopic anatomy of the recorded by Spaw (1991) and sidered in short duration procedures
well as detecting real coloration of serous peritoneum, showed in our O'Malley et al.(1997) in man. The with reduced intra-thoracic compre-
tissues. On the other hand, and study fullness of the capillaries with described areas of doom and pain of ssion and adequate intestinal eva-
according to the fixation process that blood and vascularization of the the present study were scanty in the cuation which are recommended by
depends on replacing the blood by membrane was clear. These state- available veterinary anatomical litera- El-Khamary et al. (2016), while the
the 10% formalin, the authors ment were not recorded in the tures. standard laparoscopic procedures in
described the organs in fixed state available literatures. dorsally recumbent animals are
J. Vet. Anat. 6 4 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief

nerve (N. Obtiuratorius) which pass and preserved in the body in situ with The study is totally in agreement with On the other hand, it is important to
within the area, so that it is a contra direct contact together showing the the authors in describing the urinary differentiate between the vaginal ring
indicated to surgeons to do surgical impressions on the organs, in bladder (Nickle et al., 1973; Dyce et and the deep inguinal ring, as men-
interference in this area avoiding addition to discoloration of the al., 1987 and König and Liebich, tioned Sisson, Grossman & Getty
injury of that vital structures. This tissues and organs. 2014) in domestic animals. (1975) in domestic animals.
area is known by the triangle of doom
The laparoscopic appearance of the In the field of surgical anatomy, Laparoscopy involves insertion of a
(TD). On the lateral side to TD, the
large intestine in this study notified concerning the inguinal region it rigid endoscope into the abdominal
imaginary ilio-pubic line encloses
the disappearance of the cecum on should be noticed that the testicular cavity through a minute abdominal
with the spermatic cord, a triangular
the floor of the abdomen that is due vessels and vas deferens comprises incision, which is usually the umbi-
area of pain (TP) that includes the
to the preparation protocol before the a triangular area known as triangle of licus of the patient; it provides the
femoral nerve (N. femoralis) and
endoscopy, in addition to the prestal- doom; through it the external iliac operator with a highly magnified
lateral cutaneous femoral n. (N.
tic motility. Nickle et al. (1973), Dyce vessels pass and the peritoneum image of the abdominal organs. In
cutaneus femoris lateralis). The
et al.(1987) and König and Liebich covers up on, so it should be notified recent years laparoscopy had
surgical activity is dangerous in this
(2014) in domestic animals, men- that it is dangerous to interfere or evolved almost all fields of traditional
area (Figs 7,8,9&10).
tioned that the cecum run on the floor dissect within the area during the surgery, a complete thorough under-

of the abdominal cavity, it extended endoscopic repair of inguinal hernia, standing of laparoscopic abdominal
Discussion
from the right paralumbar fossa it could be fatal. A result which is and pelvic anatomy of dorsal
The endoscopic anatomical study in
caudally to the xiphoid region cra- totally in agreement with that of Spaw recumbent donkeys will enhance the
the living donkey of the recent work,
nially. (1991) and O'Malley et al.(1997) in diagnostic and therapeutic abilities of
revealed the most anatomical struc-
man. Moreover, the present findings laparoscopy procedures.
tures of the abdominal cavity that Concerning the liver and spleen, the
added the presence of the obturator
could be seen in a recumbent posi- laparoscopic finding recorded them In the present laparoscopic anato-
nerve within the area.
tion. The study notified the abdominal without impressions from adjacent mical study of the abdominal cavity in
contents including the shape and the organs as well as normal coloriza- It was significant to point out the donkeys, the mean procedure time
coloration of the serous peritoneum tion. Nickle et al. (1973) & Dyce et al. triangular area, which is located was 35±7minutes that permits
as well as the intestine with the (1987) in domestic animals cited laterally to the triangle of doom thorough investigation of both cranial
adjacent organs. The anatomical fin- impressions on both. between the testicular vessels and and caudal portions of the abdomen.
dings were more real and vital than the imagery iliopubic line. It contains
The anatomical structures of the
The total intravenous anesthetic
that of postmortem one and gave an the femoral nerve, lateral cutaneous
diaphragm, were similar with that of
accurate anatomical data for sur- femoral branch of femoral nerve, so protocol presented by Mama (2000),
most of authors (El- Hagri, 1967;
geons. the activity within this area may was satisfying and provided an
Nickle et al.,1973 and Dyce et al.,
The current descriptive findings rec- cause sever pain, the area named adequate anesthetic duration and
1987) in domestic animals.
orded the motility of the intestine and triangle of pain. Similar results were proper efficacy which could be con-
the absence of organ impressions as The laparoscopic anatomy of the recorded by Spaw (1991) and sidered in short duration procedures
well as detecting real coloration of serous peritoneum, showed in our O'Malley et al.(1997) in man. The with reduced intra-thoracic compre-
tissues. On the other hand, and study fullness of the capillaries with described areas of doom and pain of ssion and adequate intestinal eva-
according to the fixation process that blood and vascularization of the the present study were scanty in the cuation which are recommended by
depends on replacing the blood by membrane was clear. These state- available veterinary anatomical litera- El-Khamary et al. (2016), while the
the 10% formalin, the authors ment were not recorded in the tures. standard laparoscopic procedures in
described the organs in fixed state available literatures. dorsally recumbent animals are
J. Vet. Anat. 6 5 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief
recommended to be performed under light provided a well clear bright vas deference, their distribution and Atiba, A. (2003): Experimental
the effect of general inhalant ane- vision of the abdominal organs. With relations were recorded in live diagnostic uses of laparoscope in
sthesia according to Fischer (1998). assistance of high-resolution camera, animals. The use of advanced dogs, PhD thesis, Kafr el sheikh
the output video frames provided the visualization of abdominal and pelvic University, Egypt.
In order to avoid the heamodynamic operator with high quality images of cavities through a key hole abdo-
hazards arising from pneumo- the abdominal structures. Even small minal incision – laparoscopy – is Babkine, M. and Desrochers, A.
peritoneum and putting the animal in structures such as capillaries were consi-dered a promising toll for dia- (2005): Laparoscopic surgery in adult
head down position trendlinburg as clearly viewed due to the magni- gnostic and surgical therapeutic cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 21(2005)
mentioned by Hofmeister et al. fication capabilities of the multi procedures in equines with abdo- 251-279.
(2008), fasting the animal for 24 lenses rigid endoscope. Thirty deg- minal disorders and could be an
Delling, U. (2005): Hand-assisted
hours with minimal tilting degree [15o] ree viewing angle rigid endoscopes alternate to traditional laparotomy
laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in
and standard Co pneumoperitoneum were reported to be more favorable procedures.
2 the mare. M. Sc. Thesis. Virginia
pressure [12 mm/ hg] as recom- than those with zero-degree angle
According to the results of this study, Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
mended by El-Khamary et al. (2016), due to wider frames provided by the
donkeys could be considered as versity, USA.
were optimal for the procedure. In last ones (Freeman et al.,1999).
animal model to experimentally study
agreement with Abd El-Alim (2013), Meanwhile, the zero-degree endo-
the advanced diagnostic and surgical Dovenski, T., Trojacanec, P., Pet-
food withholding for a period of 24 up scope used in the study provided
techniques of equines and opens the kov, V., Popovska-Percinic Florina,
to 72 hours is a standard step in good satisfactory images of the
door for further comparative endo- Kocoski, L., and Grizelj, J. (2012):
equine laparoscopy, in addition, abdomen and its contents.
scopic anatomy. laparoscopy- promising tool for
another essential step to provide a
The live intra-abdominal and intra- improvement of reproductive effi-
roomy operating space within the
pelvic videos and images via laparo- ciency of small ruminants. Mac Vet
abdomen is the Co abdominal insu-
2 scopy provided the surgeon with a References Rev 2012; 35 (1): 5–11.
fflation pneumoperitoneum from a
detailed anatomical features of the
ranging pressure 12 mm/hg up to 15 Abd El-Alim, M. (2008): laparo-
abdominal and pelvic organs and Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O. and Wen-
mm/hg. scopic sterilization of dogs. Master
structures which will ease the pro- sing, C.J.G. (1987): Textbook of
thesis, Kafr el sheikh University,
In agreement with Galuppo (2002), cess of diagnosing the intra-abdo- Veterinary Anatomy. W.B. Saunders
Egypt.
Hendrickson (2012) and Abd El-Alim minal disorders and to reduce its Company, Philadelphia, London,

(2013), umbilicus as a place for main intra and post-operative compli- Torono.
Abd El-Alim. M.W. (2013): Studies
cannula insertion was preferable for cations.
on laparoscopic surgery of some El-Hagri, M.A.A. (1967): Splanch-
dorsal recumbent laparoscopic pro-
male urogenital organs of equine, nolohy of domestic animals. First ed.
cedures. It provides an easy access
with minimal resistance and leaves Conclusion PhD thesis, Damanhour University, Cairo Univ. press.
Egypt.
post-operative non-remark-able scar. The present study provided detailed El-Khamary, A.N., El-Sherif, M.W.,

It also enabled the operator to anatomical description of the abdo- and Mohamed, A. (2016): Two ports
Anderson, D.E., Gaughan,E.M. and
explore the whole abdomen and minal and pelvic organs and laparoscopic clipping release in situ
Baird, A.N. (1996): Laparoscopic
pelvic cavity without the need to structures of generally anesthetized castration technique in lateral recum-
surgical approach and anatomy of
change its position or additional part. dorsally recumbent donkeys. The bent donkeys, Assiut Vet. Med. J.
the abdomen in llamas, J Am Vet
external features of diaphragm, liver, Vol. (62), 149: 1-7.
In accordance with almost all authors Med Assoc 208:111-116.
spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder and
reported on laparoscopy, Xenon cold
J. Vet. Anat. 6 6 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
Laparoscopy of the male donkey abdomen Nazih and El-Sharief

recommended to be performed under light provided a well clear bright vas deference, their distribution and Atiba, A. (2003): Experimental
the effect of general inhalant ane- vision of the abdominal organs. With relations were recorded in live diagnostic uses of laparoscope in
sthesia according to Fischer (1998). assistance of high-resolution camera, animals. The use of advanced dogs, PhD thesis, Kafr el sheikh
the output video frames provided the visualization of abdominal and pelvic University, Egypt.
In order to avoid the heamodynamic operator with high quality images of cavities through a key hole abdo-
hazards arising from pneumo- the abdominal structures. Even small minal incision – laparoscopy – is Babkine, M. and Desrochers, A.
peritoneum and putting the animal in structures such as capillaries were consi-dered a promising toll for dia- (2005): Laparoscopic surgery in adult
head down position trendlinburg as clearly viewed due to the magni- gnostic and surgical therapeutic cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 21(2005)
mentioned by Hofmeister et al. fication capabilities of the multi procedures in equines with abdo- 251-279.
(2008), fasting the animal for 24 lenses rigid endoscope. Thirty deg- minal disorders and could be an
Delling, U. (2005): Hand-assisted
hours with minimal tilting degree [15o] ree viewing angle rigid endoscopes alternate to traditional laparotomy
laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in
and standard Co pneumoperitoneum were reported to be more favorable procedures.
2 the mare. M. Sc. Thesis. Virginia
pressure [12 mm/ hg] as recom- than those with zero-degree angle
According to the results of this study, Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
mended by El-Khamary et al. (2016), due to wider frames provided by the
donkeys could be considered as versity, USA.
were optimal for the procedure. In last ones (Freeman et al.,1999).
animal model to experimentally study
agreement with Abd El-Alim (2013), Meanwhile, the zero-degree endo-
the advanced diagnostic and surgical Dovenski, T., Trojacanec, P., Pet-
food withholding for a period of 24 up scope used in the study provided
techniques of equines and opens the kov, V., Popovska-Percinic Florina,
to 72 hours is a standard step in good satisfactory images of the
door for further comparative endo- Kocoski, L., and Grizelj, J. (2012):
equine laparoscopy, in addition, abdomen and its contents.
scopic anatomy. laparoscopy- promising tool for
another essential step to provide a
The live intra-abdominal and intra- improvement of reproductive effi-
roomy operating space within the
pelvic videos and images via laparo- ciency of small ruminants. Mac Vet
abdomen is the Co abdominal insu-
2 scopy provided the surgeon with a References Rev 2012; 35 (1): 5–11.
fflation pneumoperitoneum from a
detailed anatomical features of the
ranging pressure 12 mm/hg up to 15 Abd El-Alim, M. (2008): laparo-
abdominal and pelvic organs and Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O. and Wen-
mm/hg. scopic sterilization of dogs. Master
structures which will ease the pro- sing, C.J.G. (1987): Textbook of
thesis, Kafr el sheikh University,
In agreement with Galuppo (2002), cess of diagnosing the intra-abdo- Veterinary Anatomy. W.B. Saunders
Egypt.
Hendrickson (2012) and Abd El-Alim minal disorders and to reduce its Company, Philadelphia, London,

(2013), umbilicus as a place for main intra and post-operative compli- Torono.
Abd El-Alim. M.W. (2013): Studies
cannula insertion was preferable for cations.
on laparoscopic surgery of some El-Hagri, M.A.A. (1967): Splanch-
dorsal recumbent laparoscopic pro-
male urogenital organs of equine, nolohy of domestic animals. First ed.
cedures. It provides an easy access
with minimal resistance and leaves Conclusion PhD thesis, Damanhour University, Cairo Univ. press.
Egypt.
post-operative non-remark-able scar. The present study provided detailed El-Khamary, A.N., El-Sherif, M.W.,

It also enabled the operator to anatomical description of the abdo- and Mohamed, A. (2016): Two ports
Anderson, D.E., Gaughan,E.M. and
explore the whole abdomen and minal and pelvic organs and laparoscopic clipping release in situ
Baird, A.N. (1996): Laparoscopic
pelvic cavity without the need to structures of generally anesthetized castration technique in lateral recum-
surgical approach and anatomy of
change its position or additional part. dorsally recumbent donkeys. The bent donkeys, Assiut Vet. Med. J.
the abdomen in llamas, J Am Vet
external features of diaphragm, liver, Vol. (62), 149: 1-7.
In accordance with almost all authors Med Assoc 208:111-116.
spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder and
reported on laparoscopy, Xenon cold
J. Vet. Anat. 6 7 Vol. 9, No. 2, (2016) 59 - 76
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