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Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World
Sharon Zukin
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University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
Oxford, England
© 1991 by
The Regents of the University of California
First Paperback Printing 1993
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Zukin, Sharon.
Landscapes of power: from Detroit to Disney World/Sharon Zukin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0520072219
ISBN 0520082885 (ppb.)
1. United States—Social conditions—1980— 2. United States—
Economic conditions—1981— —Regional disparities. 3. Cities and
towns—United States. 4. United States—Industries—Location.
5. Regional planning—United States. I. Title.
HN59.2.Z85 1991
307.1'2'0973—dc20 9011167
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Chapter 2 epigraph is from "Doonesbury" © 1985 G. B. Trudeau. Reprinted with permission of Universal Press Syndicate. All rights reserved.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.
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For Richard, toujours
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction 1
1. Market, Place, and Landscape 3
2. "Creative Destruction": The Inner Landscape 25
3. The Urban Landscape 39
Five TwentiethCentury Landscapes 55
4. Steeltown: Power and Autonomy in Weirton, West Virginia 59
5. Motown's Steeltown: The Power of Productive Labor in Detroit 103
6. The Mill and the Mall: Power and Homogeneity in Westchester County 135
7. Gentrification, Cuisine, and the Critical Infrastructure: Power and Centrality 179
Downtown
8. Disney World: The Power of Facade/The Facade of Power 217
Conclusion 251
9. Moral Landscapes 253
Notes 277
Index 321
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Janet K. Ruttenberg, After Leonardo (1990) 2
Paul Strand, "Wall Street, New York, 1915" 24
Battery Park City, New York (1989) 40
Charles Sheeler, American Landscape (1930) 58
Catherine Redmond, Afternoon Light: Simultaneous and Sequential (1987) 104
I. M. Pei, IBM facility, Somers, New York (1989) 134
Figure 1. Boards of directors of major corporate employers, Westchester 163
County, 1955–85
Cesar Pelli, Winter Garden, World Financial Center, New York City (1988) 178
EPCOT, Disney World, Florida (1990) 216
Michael Graves, Historical Center of Industry and Labor, Youngstown, Ohio 252
(1986–90)
Figure 2. Circuits of cultural capital: gentrification 262
Figure 3. Circuits of cultural capital: Disney World 264
Map 1. Commercial development and median annual household income in 137
Westchester County towns
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
During the writing of this book, I have relied on many sources of support: personal, social, and financial. In the early 1980s I started research on old industrial regions
in Europe and the United States. I sought interviews with a wide variety of men and women in business, government, labor unions, and local planning organizations,
who took the time to answer detailed questions about their work. I also collected suggestions and examples from all my colleagues who learned I was writing a book
about the culture of the contemporary market economy. Because of its complexity, this book came to focus on the United States.
My early research and travel were financed by grants from the German Marshall Fund of the United States, the National Science Foundation, and a BHEPSC faculty
research award from the City University of New York. Although all funding organizations find themselves in ever more dire financial straits, their willingness to sponsor
unusual research like mine that crosses disciplinary bounds is an essential support to independent scholarship. This project would not have got off the ground without
these organizations' substantial help.
The men and women whom I interviewed deserve equal thanks. Because I have tried to preserve their anonymity, I cannot signal individual appreciation. But they all
did their best to make me understand their work from their point of view. While these views do not necessarily conform to mine, I have tried to portray them honestly.
I was also able to call upon three interview subjects—from Lazard Frères, IBM, and the U.S. Economic Development Agency—to read those parts of the manuscript
that reflect their contributions and correct them for accuracy.
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Other chapters were read by colleagues who offered helpful suggestions. Thanks to Richard Child Hill, Harvey Molotch, and Louis Asekoff, who commented on the
first drafts of the chapters on Detroit, gentrification, and Disney World, respectively.
My deepest debt is owed to my friends Paul DiMaggio and Neil Smith, who read the entire manuscript and presented me with subtle but gentle requests for clear
writing and firm control over the material. If I have satisfied even a small portion of their demands, I shall have achieved much more than I began with and much less
than they deserve. I, of course, bear full responsibility for the result.
The material production of this book also reflects the kindness of others. Some materials were gathered or checked by research assistants Philip Kasinitz (now a
professor himself), David Radick, and Bruce Haynes. Steve Yoman of the Computer Center at the City University Graduate Center saved the chapter on Westchester
County from eternal perdition in the computer. Jennifer Parker at the Russell Sage Foundation, where I completed final revisions of the manuscript, handled many
chores of manuscript and index preparation with good cheer and helpful criticism. My editor, Naomi Schneider, encouraged me from the moment she read the first
draft of the first two chapters; this encouragement extended from all matters concerning publication to personal friendship.
For institutional encouragement, I am grateful to the Wolfe Institute for the Humanities at Brooklyn College and my colleagues there from 1985 to 1989: executive
director Robert Viscusi, Lou Asekoff, Bruce Hoffacker, Geri DeLuca, and Paulo Spedicato. They humored me during many a long discussion and always believed
that a sociologist could write tolerably about culture. The Russell Sage Foundation, where I spent 1989–90 as a visiting fellow, provided a warm berth and intellectual
stimuli. Although final revisions on this book took up only a small portion of my stay there, I thank President Eric Wanner and the staff for easing this final passage.
Finally and always, I have drawn both material and spiritual support from Richard Rosen. Many of his ideas have been welded to mine and gone into the book in the
usual, uncredited, spousal way. He has helped me to keep faith in the project without losing his critical distance from either my intentions or my conclusions.
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Page 1
INTRODUCTION
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Janet K. Ruttenberg, After Leonardo (1990).
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Description:The momentous changes which are transforming American life call for a new exploration of the economic and cultural landscape. In this book Sharon Zukin links our ever-expanding need to consume with two fundamental shifts: places of production have given way to spaces for services and paperwork, and