Table Of ContentPRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER | Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology
Initial terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland
Cavite, Philippines
Ronaldo D. Lagat* and Rubie M. Causaren
ABSTRACT
Cavite’s remaining upland forest fragments are either remnants from commercial logging activities ca. 25-45
years ago or as a direct result of land conversions for agriculture or human settlements. These forest
fragments are very significant because they represent areas where pockets of wildlife habitat still remain. The
terrestrial vertebrates are often used to assess animal diversity because they are ideal biological indicators of
environmental change and anthropogenic disturbances. The study aimed to determine terrestrial vertebrate
diversity, conservation status, and identify major anthropogenic threats in these fragments. Terrestrial
vertebrates were surveyed using a combination of strip-transect sampling, time-constrained searches, visual
encounter survey (VES), and acoustic encounter survey (AES; for amphibians only), point counts, live trapping
and mist netting from October 2014 to March 2016. Species richness and biodiversity estimation were
computed using Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, linear regression, detection and probability modeling using
PAST, and confidence limits for nestedness (0.05α) using EpiTools. A total of 175 terrestrial vertebrates were
documented and among the vertebrate groups, the birds had the highest observed diversity. Twenty-nine (19
birds, 3 mammals, 3 lizards, and 4 anurans) species are listed as threatened. Habitat loss and degradation
due to the conversion of habitats to agricultural and/or residential areas remained to be the most prevalent
threat in the remaining forested areas in upland Cavite. Baseline data generated shall be used in the different
government biodiversity monitoring activities as the basis for impacts and mitigation and initial planning for the
management and conservation of these remaining forest patches.
KEYWORDS: amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds, Luzon Island, modeling, anthropogenic threats
INTRODUCTION (Dickinson et al. 1991; Collar et al. 1994, 1999; WCSP
1997; Mallari and the Bird Working Group 2000; Mallari et
With more than 52,177 described species, the Philippines is al. 2001) and 179+ mammals (Heaney et al. 1998; Heaney
regarded as one of the 17 megadiversity countries, which and Mallari 2001). Of these 1121+ species, 555+ (≥50%)
together contain 70-80% of global biodiversity (Mittermeier et are endemic to the Philippines. These numbers represent
al. 1997). The country houses approximately 38,000 animal rough estimates since many species are still undescribed
species consisting of at least 35,000 invertebrates and at (PBS 2014).
least 3,000 vertebrates (Ong et al. 2002). Of the 3,000+
vertebrates, 1121+ terrestrial species (Ong et al. 2002; PBS Apart from being a megadiversity country, the Philippines is
2014) include 107+ amphibians and 258+ reptiles (Alcala and also one of the 25 global biodiversity ‘hotspots’ (Myers et
Brown 1998; Diesmos and the Herpetofauna Working Group al. 2000) facing one of the highest levels of species
2000; Brown et al. 2001; Brown pers. com.), 576+ birds endangerment. Habitat loss and fragmentation due to
anthropogenic activities remain to be the gravest threats to
Biological Sciences Department & Graduate Studies Department
general biodiversity loss (FAO, 2010; Jackson and Fahrig,
College of Science and Computer Studies
2013; Wu 2013). Worldwide, Southeast Asia has the
De La Salle University-Dasmariñas,
Dasmariñas City, Cavite, Philippines highest relative rate of deforestation of any major tropical
region (Woodcock et al., 2011; Rademaekers et al., 2010)
*Corresponding email: [email protected] and the Philippines has likely suffered the most devastating
costs of large-scale deforestation (Tumaneng-Diete et al.
Date Submitted: 11 April 2018
2005) in this region. Cavite ranked 73rd in the country in
Date Accepted: 30 April 2019
terms of total forest cover with 1,864 ha (1,852
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
ha=broadleaf closed canopy + 12 ha=mangrove) and this (focusing on four major terrestrial vertebrate taxa:
represents only 1.49% total forest cover compared to its land amphibians, lizards, birds and mammals) in selected
area of 124,720 ha (Walpole, 2010: table 3). forested areas in upland mountainous areas in Cavite.
Specifically, the study: 1) determines the terrestrial
The CALABARZON region is currently regarded as an vertebrate species diversity of each forested area, 2)
“industrial belt of the country” (oxfordbusinessgroup.com) and determines conservation status of these vertebrates, and 3)
Cavite (together with Batangas) now hosts the highest identifies current major threats to terrestrial vertebrate fauna
concentration of high-tech industries and electronics in the in the study area. Baseline diversity information generated
region. Historically, the province was not spared from logging by this study would be useful to the Protected Area
and its remaining forest fragments (limited only to the upland Management Board (PAMB) which is the managing and
areas) are either remnants from commercial logging activities policy-making body of Mt. Palay-Palay. As representatives of
ca. 25-45 years ago or as a direct result of land conversions De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, the research arm of
for agriculture or human settlements (Liu et al. 1993; PAMB in Cavite, we are tasked to submit an output as part of
Tumaneng- Diete et al. 2005). These forest fragments are materializing an MOU between these units. Likewise,
very significant because they represent areas where pockets baseline data shall be submitted to the Municipal
of wildlife habitat still remain. Environment and Natural Resources Officer (MENRO) of the
different municipalities (where the forest fragments are
The terrestrial vertebrates are often used to assess animal situated) for biodiversity monitoring activities, as basis for
diversity of terrestrial ecosystems because they are ideal impacts and mitigation and initial planning for the
biological indicators of environmental change and management and conservation of these remaining forest
anthropogenic disturbances and are often used in predicting patches.
extinction (Yom-Tov and Geffen 2010; Chaudhary and
Mooers 2018; Schmitt 2018) and planning conservation STUDY AREA AND METHODS
efforts (Jenkins et al. 2013). In addition, survey methods and
taxa identification are less difficult compared to invertebrates Study sites. Five secondary lowland forest fragments in the
due to availability of field guides and taxonomic keys (Siddig province of Cavite (Figure 1, Table 1) were chosen as study
et al. 2015). Very few terrestrial vertebrate studies have been sites. The forested fragments ranged in size from 6-640 ha
done in the province of Cavite and these were mostly limited and are situated at elevations 60-650 masl. These forested
to its protected area, Mt. Palay-Palay (including other peaks- fragments are either remnants of previous large-scale
Mt. Pico de Loro and Mt. Mataas-na-Gulod) . Studies included commercial logging (25 to 45 years ago) followed by land
those of fish (Jacinto and America 2005), amphibians (Celis conversion for agriculture and massive urban development
et al. 1996; Paloma and Panganiban 1997; Maranan, 1999; (Liu et al. 1993; Tumaneng-Diete et al. 2005). Site 1
Causaren 2009, 2012), reptiles (Lagat 1999, 2009, 2012), (Amadeo) is a public area ca. 20 ha of secondary forest and
birds (Lorenzana and Rocamora 1997; Lalap and Ybanes is mainly riparian and partly reforested, at 272 m elevation,
2006; Cuevas 2016), and mammals (Lardizabal and Maniago with coordinates: 14.2219o N, 120.9334o E. The dominant
1996; Lo and Quemuel 1998; Raroque and Valerio 1999; trees are Dysoxylum gaudichianum and Pterospermum
Lope and Hernandez 2008). Few studies also provided diversifolium. Site 2 in General Emilio Aguinaldo (or Bailen;
documentation on the landscape’s faunal assemblage henceforth GEA) is a public area and is also mainly riparian
(Buenaventura et al. 2003, Guyamin 2004). Few studies on ca. 6 ha and at 60-70 m elevation, with coordinates:
amphibians and reptiles have been conducted on some of the 14.2157o N, 120.7782o E. It is dominated by Tarrenoidea
remaining secondary lowland forest fragments in Cavite wallichii, Kleinhovia hospita L. var. hospita and
(Causaren 2012, 2016; Lagat 2012; Causaren et al. 2016, Chrysophyllum caimito (Medecilo and Lagat 2017). Site 3
2017). (Indang) is a private area and mainly a riparian forested
fragment ca. 10 ha and at 168 m elevation, with
Some anthropogenic threats were observed in different forest coordinates: 14.2238o N, 120.8507o E. Being riparian,
fragments of Cavite and these included poaching, illegal Indang’s forested areas are dominated by Macaranga
logging, quarrying, charcoal-making, and ‘kaingin’ among hispida, Ficus nota, M. multiglandulosa, M. tanarius, F.
others (Medecilo and Luyon 2006; Causaren 2012; Lagat minahassae, F. septica, and Parkia roxburgii species which
2012). Despite existing anthropogenic threats, the are either riparian species or those inhabiting other areas
implementation of laws in relation to habitat and species near water. Site 4 is Mt. Palay-Palay (only PA in Cavite)
protection is very weak thus continuously placing our native which is ca. 640 ha of secondary dipterocarp forest at 648 m
and endemic plant and animal species in grave peril. Given all elevation, with coordinates: 14.2394o N, 120.6531o E. The
these scenarios, the study aims to generate baseline remaining forest cover is estimated at 16% of its total land
information on the terrestrial vertebrate diversity status area (Environmental Science for Social Change, 2010) down
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 71
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
Figure 1. Map of Cavite delineated (black outline) from the neighboring provinces. The forest fragments are represented by
purple dots. Modified from Google Earth 2017.
from 62.5% of land area about 20 years ago (DENR 1992). In mammals; seven 100m X 10m transects for small non-volant
terms of vegetation type, Mt. Palay-Palay can be classified as mammals and thirteen 2km transects for birds was randomly
a lowland evergreen rain forest which includes the dipterocarp established (Table 1). Field sampling for lizards and large
and mixed-dipterocarp forests (Causaren 2012; Lagat 2012; non-volant mammals covered day and night visits (8:00am to
Medecilo and Lagat 2017). The vegetation of this fragment is 12:00 nn and 6:00pm to 12:00 midnight) while for
similar to that of Mt. Makiling (Pancho, 1983). Though amphibians, bats and small non-volant mammals was during
Planchonia spectabilis is the dominant species (relatively due nighttime only (from 6:00pm to 12:00 midnight). Bird
to its larger basal area), Shorea guiso is the densest and sampling was conducted from 5:00 am until 10:00am. Field
most frequent species in natural forests. Site 5 (Tagaytay sampling was conducted from October 2014 to March 2016
City) is a public area ca. 15 ha of riparian forest and at 60-70 by the same four persons with a total sampling effort of 72
m elevation, with coordinates: 14.1452o N, 121.0323o E. It is hrs. for amphibians, 144 hrs. for lizards, 104 hrs. for birds,
dominated by Ficus minahassae, Alstonia scholaris, 112 hours for large non-volant mammals, 105 trap-nights for
Leucaena leucocephala (Medecilo and Lagat 2017). Of the small non-volant mammals and 24 net nights for bats.
five forested fragments, four (except Mt. Palay-Palay) are
mainly riparian forests which are usually located at very steep Faunal Survey
slopes making them somewhat inaccessible to human A. Amphibian and lizard sampling
exploitation. A combination of strip-transect sampling, time-constrained
searches, visual encounter survey (VES), and acoustic
Sampling Regime. A total of eighteen 100m X 10m transects encounter survey (AES; for amphibians only) were used to
for lizards, eighteen 100m X 10m transects for amphibians, determine species richness, abundance, and other
fourteen 100m X 10m transects for large non-volant ecological characteristics of different species (adopted and
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 72
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
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© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 73
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
modified from Campbell and Christman 1982; Bury and (400m apart). The total sampling time per transect was 120
Raphael 1983; Crump and Scott 1994; Heyer et al. 1994; minutes (3 to 5 minutes travel from one point to the next and
Alcala et al., 2004; Diesmos et al., 2002; Diesmos, 2008;). 20 minutes observation time). This allowed the birds to settle
Visual encounter surveys were conducted by walking through for some time. Birds seen and heard within 20 minutes at
a transect (transect sampling) for a prescribed time of one each sampling spot were recorded.
hour (time-constrained searches), visually searching for
animals. For amphibians, VES was supplemented with C. Mammals
acoustic encounter survey where anuran species were Ground mammals were surveyed using a combination of line
identified by their calls (aural identification). The number of transect (Plumptre and Reynolds 1994) and live trapping (O’
animals encountered (by both visual and aural methods) was Farrel et al. 1994) techniques. Line transect sampling
recorded. followed the protocol for herps. In live trapping technique, a
100-meter transect was deployed with five equally
Strip transect and microhabitat sampling. A 100 x 10 m strip designated spots where live traps were installed. Locally
transect was marked at 10-m intervals with numbered made steel-mesh traps (28cm x 18cm x 12cm) were placed
fluorescent flagging tapes that were labeled according to the at or near ground level (0-1m) within 20m distance of
transect number and point. For each transect, one hour was designated spot along the 100-m transect line with a total of
spent to sample all accessible microhabitats confined within. five traps per transect. In each transect, trapping was
Microhabitats are specific areas within a community or habitat conducted for three consecutive nights and traps were
occupied by certain organisms because of micro-differences checked the morning after. A total of 105 trap-nights was
in moisture, light, and other conditions (availability of employed throughout the study. For bats, two mist nets per
nutrients, protection from a predator, and the possibility of transect (except in Tagaytay due to bad weather condition)
mating). Examples of microhabitats are forest litter, fallen were set at least 30 m apart at the nearest travel corridors.
logs, tree holes, rock crevices, spaces between buttresses of The nets were set after sunset and were kept open for 6
trees, forest shrubs, and axils of palms, epiphytes, tree ferns, hours and checked every after 30 mins. Captured individuals
aerial ferns and small trees. Prior to sampling, the first 2 were measured and identified to species level.
points (points 0 and 1; with a distance of 10 m) was marked
and 6 minutes were spent in sampling this particular portion of Identification and Classification of Terrestrial Vertebrates
the transect, after which all individuals whether seen, heard, Captured terrestrial vertebrates were measured, described,
or caught were recorded. Individuals that were caught were identified and were released at/near the sites of capture.
placed inside Ziploc® plastic bags (individuals belonging to Taxonomic identification and nomenclature of herps followed
the same species were placed in one Ziploc® bag) and Alcala (1986), Brown et al. (1997a, b, c), Alcala and Brown
marked with the transect and point number. After sampling (1998), Diesmos (1998, 1999, 2008), and Frost (2011); for
the first portion, the next point (point 2) was marked and birds, Wild Bird Club of the Philippines - Checklist of Birds of
another 6 minutes were spent to sample terrestrial the Philippines 2018; and for mammals, Heaney et al. (2000,
vertebrates. This was done repeatedly until all the succeeding 2010) and Heaney and Rickart (2016). Selected voucher
portions of the transect were sampled. This was done in order specimens were deposited in the Natural History Collection
to minimize disturbance within the transect. of De La Salle University- Dasmariñas, Cavite.
General collections were also carried out in all habitats and Identification of Anthropogenic Threats
matrix habitats, but data were considered to note overall Anthropogenic threats were observed and photo
species diversity but not used in the computation of documented in different forested fragments in addition to
abundance. Data that were gathered and recorded included results of interviews with the locals and DENR staff.
richness and abundance (individual counts [observed using
both visual and aural surveys] and presence/absence data for Data Analysis
every point in the transect), microhabitat, time of observation, Sampling sufficiency was checked based from the species
and behavior of the animal during observation (e.g., calling, effort curves generated using EstimateS 9.1.0 (Colwell
foraging, etc.). 2016). Species richness and diversity estimation were
represented by Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’ and H
B. Birds max) which were generated using Paleontological Statistics
Birds were sampled using the point counts or point transects (PAST) Software Package for Education and Data Analysis
(Bibby et al. 2000) which were used to provide estimates of (Hammer et al. 2001). Data from non-random searches/
the relative abundance of each bird species (Buckland et al. overall collection were only considered to note overall
2001). Five points were identified in a 2-km line transect species diversity but were not used in the computation of
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 74
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
species richness and abundance. Estimates of Nestedness document all species. The most represented bird family
(which is a measure describing the distribution of observed was Columbidae with 14 species, mammal family was
species in all the sampling locations) and prevailing Pteropodidae with four species, lizard family was Scincidae
anthropogenic threats were used as bases for local with 17 species, and anuran families Ceratobatrachidae and
conservation status of lizard and anuran species. Nestedness Ranidae both with five species.
was expressed in terms of Proportion of Area Occupied
(PAO) and confidence interval distribution at 0.05α, generated Considering current data, Mt. Palay-Palay registered the
using EpiTools (epidemiological online calculators). PAO highest terrestrial vertebrate diversity for birds (H=4.12) and
makes use of the probability that the species is present and lizards (H=2.54), anuran diversity was observed highest in
the sampling incidence that the species will be detected Amadeo (H=1.96) while GEA had the highest diversity in
based on the observed detection history for a site over a mammals (H=1.94) (Figure 3). The most species-rich is Mt.
series of survey occasion (MacKenzie et al. 2002, 2006). Palay-Palay with 89.8% (157/175) species composition while
Species-area relationship was modeled using linear the four fragments relatively had similar proportions ranging
regression generated also from PAST. from 22-27% (Figure 4). The birds (H=4.12) were observed
to be the most diverse group in all the fragments sampled.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species endemicity was remarkably high with as many as
125 species (71%; 10 mammals, 16 lizards, 9 anurans, 91
Species diversity, endemism and distribution birds) endemic to the country. Data on the occurrence of
At least 175 species of amphibians, lizards, birds, and each species per forested fragment and other pertinent
mammals are now known from upland Cavite, comprised of information are summarized in Table 2.
15 species of frogs, 27 lizards, 12 mammals and 121 birds
(Table 2). However, based from the species effort curves Species-area distribution was observed to have a positive
(Figure 2) the possibility of finding more species for birds and correlation (Figure 5), where the number of species
mammals is high since sampling was not very extensive (e.g., increased with increasing area size (Preston 1960, 1962;
arboreal traps were not set for sampling other mammals) to Williams 1964; MacArthur and Wilson 1967; Pan 2013). This
Figure 2. Sampling sufficiency graphs (generated using Estimate S 9.1.0) for mammals (A), birds (B),
lizards (C) and frogs (D).
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 75
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
Table 2. Vertebrate fauna of upland Cavite. + indicates presence in forested fragments of P = Mt. Palay-Palay, I = Indang, G = General
Emilio Aguinaldo, A = Amadeo, and T = Tagaytay City. Ecological status, ES (E = Philippine endemic, N = Native, W = Widespread, I =
Introduced) and Conservation status, CS (EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data
Deficient, LR = Lower Risk, NE = Not Evaluated) follow IUCN, 2017 (<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 17 October 2017).
Family Taxa English/Common name P I G A T ES CS
BIRDS
Accipitridae Haliastur indus (Boddaert,
Brahminy Kite + + N LC
1783)
Spilornis holospilus
Philippine Serpent-Eagle + E LC
(Vigors, 1831)
Alcedinidae Actenoides lindsayi
Spotted Kingfisher + + + E LC
(Vigors, 1831)
Ceyx cyanopectus
Indigo-banded Kingfisher + E LC
(Lafresnaye, 1840)
Ceyx melanurus
Philippine Dwarf-kingfisher + E VU
(Kaup, 1848)
Halcyon gularis
White-throated Kingfisher + + + W LC
(Kuhl, 1820)
Todiramphus chloris
White-collared Kingfisher + + + + + W LC
(Boddaert, 1783)
Anas luzonica Fraser,
Anatidae Philippine Duck + + E VU
1839
Apodidae Collocalia esculenta
Glossy Swiftlet + + + + + E LC
isonota Oberholser, 1906
Collocalia troglodytes
Pygmy Swiftlet + E LC
Gray, GR, 1845
Mearnsia picina Philippine Spine-tailed
+ E NT
(Tweeddale, 1879) Swift
Ardeidae Ardea alba
Great Egret + W LC
Linnaeus, 1758
Ardeola bacchus
Chinese Pond-Heron + N LC
(Bonaparte, 1855)
Bubulcus coromandus
Cattle Egret + W LC
(Boddaert, 1783)
Egretta garzetta nigripes
Eastern Reef-Egret + W LC
(Temminck, 1840)
Nycticorax caledonicus
Rufous Night-heron + W LC
(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted
+ W LC
(Linnaeus, 1771) Woodswallow
Bucerotidae Buceros hydrocorax
Rufous Hornbill + E VU
Linnaeus, 1766
Penelopides manillae
Luzon Hornbill + E LC
(Boddaert, 1783)
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Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
Family Taxa English/Common name P I G A T ES CS
Campephagidae Coracina striata
Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike + W LC
(Boddaert, 1783)
Coracina coerulescens
Blackish Cuckooshrike + E LC
(Blyth, 1842)
Coracina mindanensis Black-bibbed Cuckoo-
+ E VU
(Tweeddale, 1879) shrike
Lalage melanoleuca Northern Black-and-white
+ E LC
melanoleuca (Blyth, 1861) Triller
Lalage nigra nigra
Pied Triller + + W LC
(Forster, JR, 1781)
Pericrocotus speciosus
Scarlet Minivet + E NE
(Latham, 1790)
Caprimulgidae Lyncornis macrotis
Great Eared-Nightjar + E LC
(Vigors, 1831)
Cisticolidae Cisticola juncidis
Zitting Cisticola + W LC
(Rafinesque, 1810)
Orthotomus castaneiceps
Philippine Tailorbird + + + E LC
Walden, 1872
Chalcophaps indica indica
Grey-capped Emerald + N LC
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Columbidae Rock Dove, Common
Columba livia Gmelin,
Pigeon, Rock Dove, Rock + + + + E LC
JF, 1789
DoveI
Ducula aenea (Linnaeus,
Green Imperial-Pigeon + E LC
1766)
Ducula carola (Bonaparte,
Spotted Imperial-Pigeon + E VU
1854)
Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-
+ E NT
(Gray, GR, 1844) Pigeon
Luzon Bleeding-heart,
Gallicolumba luzonica
Bleeding Heart Dove, + E NT
luzonica (Scopoli, 1786)
Bleeding Heart Pigeon
Zebra Dove, Barred
Geopelia striata
Ground Dove, Peaceful + + + I LC
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Dove
Macropygia tenuirostris
Philippine Cuckoo-Dove + E LC
Bonaparte, 1854
Phapitreron leucotis
leucotis (Temminck, White-eared Brown-dove + + + + + E LC
1823)
Ptilinopus leclancheri
Black-chinned Fruit-Dove + E LC
(Bonaparte, 1855)
Ptilinopus merrilli Cream-bellied Fruit-Dove,
+ E NT
(McGregor, 1916) Cream-breasted Fruit Dove
Ptilinopus occipitalis Gray,
Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove + E LC
GR, 1844
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Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
Family Taxa English/Common name P I G A T ES CS
Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis
Spotted Dove + I NE
tigrina (Temminck, 1809)
Treron axillaris axillaris
Philippine Green-pigeon + E LC
(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
Corvidae Corvus enca
Slender-billed Crow + + + E LC
(Horsfield, 1821)
Corvus philippinus
Philippines Crow + + + + E NE
(Bonaparte, 1853)
Cuculidae Centropus sinensis
Greater Coucal + + N LC
bubutus Horsfield, 1821
Centropus viridis
Philippine Coucal + E LC
(Scopoli, 1786)
Dasylophus superciliosus
Red-crested Malkoha + + E LC
(Dumont, 1823)
Eudynamys scolopaceus
Western Koel + E LC
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Lepidogrammus cumingi
Scale-feathered Malkoha + E LC
(Fraser, 1839)
Surniculus velutinus
chalybaeus Philippine Drongo-Cuckoo + E LC
Salomonsen, 1953
Dicaeidae
Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker,
+ + E LC
(Hermann, 1783) Red-striped Flowerpecker
Dicaeum bicolor
inexpectatum Bicolored Flowerpecker + E LC
(Hartert, E, 1895)
Dicaeum hypoleucum
obscurum Buzzing Flowerpecker + E LC
Ogilvie-Grant, 1894
Dicaeum pygmaeum
pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker + E LC
(von Kittlitz, 1833)
Prionochilus olivaceus
Olive-backed Flowerpecker + E LC
samarensis Steere, 1890
Dicruridae Dicrurus balicassius
balicassius Balicassiao + + + + + E LC
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Estrildidae Lonchura atricapilla jagori
Chestnut Munia + + I LC
(von Martens, CE, 1866)
Lonchura leucogastra
White-bellied Munia + + + E LC
(Blyth, 1846)
Microhierax erythrogenys
Falconidae Philippine Falconet + E LC
(Vigors, 1831)
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 78
Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Lagat,R.D. & Causaren,R.M.: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity assessment in upland Cavite
Family Taxa English/Common name P I G A T ES CS
Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow, European
+ N LC
Linnaeus, 1758 Swallow, Swallow
Hirundo tahitica javanica
Tahiti Swallow + I LC
Sparrman, 1789
Irena cyanogastra
Irenidae Philippine Fairy-bluebird + E NT
Vigors, 1831
Laniidae Lanius cristatus
lucionensis Brown Shrike + + + + + N LC
Linnaeus, 1766
Lanius schach nasutus
Long-tailed Shrike + N LC
Scopoli, 1786
Lanius validirostris
Mountain Shrike + E NT
Ogilvie-Grant, 1894
Megalurus palustris
Locustellidae Striated Grassbird + E LC
forbesi Bangs, 1919
Megalaimidae Psilopogon
haemacephalus
Coppersmith Barbet + + + + E LC
haemacephalus
(Statius Muller, 1776)
Meropidae Merops americanus
Rufous-crowned Bee-eater + E LC
Linnaeus, 1758
Merops philippinus
Blue-tailed Bee-eater + E LC
Linnaeus, 1767
Monarchidae Hypothymis azurea
Black-naped Monarch + E LC
azurea (Boddaert, 1783)
Short-crested Monarch,
Hypothymis helenae
Short-crested Blue + + E NT
(Steere, 1890)
Monarch
Terpsiphone cinnamomea Southern Rufous
+ E LC
unirufa Salomonsen, 1937 Paradise-Flycatcher
Terpsiphone cyanescens
Blue Paradise-Flycatcher + + + E LC
(Sharpe, 1877)
Motacillidae Anthus gustavi gustavi
Pechora Pipit + N LC
Swinhoe, 1863
Dendronanthus indicus
Forest Wagtail + + I LC
(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
Motacilla cinerea
Grey Wagtail, Gray Wagtail + N LC
Tunstall, 1771
Muscicapidae Copsychus mindanensis
Philippine Magpie-Robin + + + E LC
(Boddaert, 1783)
Cyornis herioti Blue-breasted
+ + E NT
Wardlaw Ramsay, 1886 Blue-Flycatcher
Cyornis rufigastra blythi
Mangrove Blue-Flycatcher + + E LC
(Giebel, 1875)
© Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines Volume 12 Issue 2 - 2018 | 79
