Handbook of Vitamins

608 Pages·2007·5.5 MB·English

by  Janos Zempleni

RobertB.Rucker/HandbookofVitamins,FourthEdition 4022_C000 FinalProof page i 5.5.2007 2:33pm CompositorName:BMani
F O U RT H
E D I T I O N
Handbook of
V ITA MINS
RobertB.Rucker/HandbookofVitamins,FourthEdition 4022_C000 FinalProof page ii 5.5.2007 2:33pm CompositorName:BMani
RobertB.Rucker/HandbookofVitamins,FourthEdition 4022_C000 FinalProof page iii 5.5.2007 2:33pm CompositorName:BMani
F O U RT H
E D I T I O N
Handbook of
V ITA MINS
Edited by
Janos Zempleni
Robert B. Rucker
Donald B. McCormick
John W. Suttie
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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CRC Press
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-4022-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-4022-2 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of vitamins / editors, Robert B. Rucker ... [et al.]. -- 4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-4022-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-4022-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Vitamins. 2. Vitamins in human nutrition. I. Rucker, Robert B.
[DNLM: 1. Nutrition Physiology--Handbooks. 2. Vitamins--Handbooks. QU 39 H361 2007]
QP771. H35 2007
612.3’99--dc22 2006100138
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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Table of Contents
Preface. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... vii
Editors . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ix
Contributors .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... xi
Chapter 1 VitaminA: NutritionalAspectsof Retinoids and Carotenoids. .. ... .. ... . 1
A. Catharine Ross andEarlH. Harrison
Chapter 2 VitaminD . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... 41
Anthony W. Norman and Helen L. Henry
Chapter 3 VitaminK . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 111
John W.Suttie
Chapter 4 VitaminE.. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 153
Maret G.Traber
Chapter 5 BioorganicMechanisms Importantto CoenzymeFunctions... .. ... .. .. 175
Donald B. McCormick
Chapter 6 Niacin .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 191
James B. Kirkland
Chapter 7 Riboflavin (Vitamin B ) . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 233
2
Richard S. Rivlin
Chapter 8 Thiamine .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 253
Chris J.Bates
Chapter 9 Pantothenic Acid . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 289
RobertB. Rucker and KathrynBauerly
Chapter 10 VitaminB ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 315
6
Shyamala Dakshinamurti and Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti
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vi TableofContents
Chapter 11 Biotin. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 361
DonaldM.Mock
Chapter 12 FolicAcid. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 385
LynnB. Bailey
Chapter 13 Vitamin B . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 413
12
Ralph GreenandJoshua W. Miller
Chapter 14 Choline... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 459
TimothyA. Garrow
Chapter 15 Ascorbic Acid... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 489
CarolS. Johnston,Francene M. Steinberg, and Robert B.Rucker
Chapter 16 Vitamin-Dependent Modifications of Chromatin:Epigenetic Events
and Genomic Stability.. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 521
James B.Kirkland, Janos Zempleni, Linda K. Buckles, and Judith K. Christman
Chapter 17 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry in the Study ofVitamins and
Mineral Metabolism in Humans . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 545
FabianaFonsecade Moura, Betty Jane Burri, and Andrew J.Clifford
Chapter 18 DietaryReference Intakes for Vitamins. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 559
SuzanneP. Murphy and Susan I.Barr
Index . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 571
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Preface
In keeping with the tradition of previous editions, the fourth edition of the Handbook of
Vitamins was assembled to update and provide contemporary perspectives on dietary acces-
soryfactorscommonlyclassifiedasvitamins.Oneofthechallengesinassemblingthisvolume
was to maintain the clinical focus of previous editions, while addressing important concepts
thathaveevolved inrecentyears owingtotheadvancesinmolecular andcellularbiology as
wellasthoseinanalyticalchemistryandnanotechnology.Thereaderwillfindcomprehensive
summariesthatfocusonchemical,physiological,andnutritionalrelationshipsandhighlights
of newly described and identified functions for all the recognized vitamins. Our goal was to
assemblethebestcurrentlyavailablereferencetextonvitaminsforanaudiencerangingfrom
basicscientiststoclinicianstoadvancedstudentsandeducatorswithacommitmenttobetter
understanding vitamin function.
Asexamples,apparentvitamin-dependentmodificationsthatareimportanttoepigenetic
events and genomic stability are described, as well as new information on the role and
importance of maintaining optimal vitamin status for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
defense.Importantanalyticaladvancesinvitaminanalysisandassessmentarediscussedina
chapterdealingwithacceleratedmassspectrometry(AMS)applications.RecentAMSappli-
cationshaveprovidedthebasisforstudiesofvitaminmetabolismandturnoverinhumansat
levels corresponding to physiological concentrations and fluxes. It is also important to
underscore that much of the interest in vitamins stems from an appreciation that there
remainsregrettablysizablepopulationsatriskforvitamindeficiencies.Inthisregard,classic
examples are included along with examples of vitamin-related polymorphisms and genetic
factorsthat influence therelativeneedsfor given vitamins.
Thisvolumeiswrittenbyagroupofauthorswhohavemademajorcontributionstoour
understanding of vitamins. Over half of the authors are new to this series; each chapter is
written by individuals who have made clearly important contributions in their respective
areas of research as judged by the scientific impact of their work. In addition, Dr. Janos
Zempleni joins the group of editors who assembled the third edition. Dr. Zempleni adds a
molecular biology perspectiveto complementthe biochemicaland physiological expertise of
the other editors. We also wish to note that we miss the input of Dr. Lawrence Machlin, a
renownedresearcheronvitaminE,whowassoleeditorofthefirsttwoeditionsinthisseries
andwhodiedshortlyafterthereleaseofthethirdedition.Weknowthathewouldbepleased
with theprogress and advancesin vitamin research summarized in thefourth edition.
This volume comes at an important time and represents a new treatment of this topic.
With the possible exception of the earlier days of vitamin discovery, this period of vitamin
research is particularly exciting because of the newly identified roles of vitamins in cellular
and organismal regulation and their obvious and continuing importance in health and
disease.
JanosZempleni
RobertB. Rucker
Donald B.McCormick
John W.Suttie
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Editors
JanosZemplenireceivedhisundergraduateandgraduatetraininginnutritionattheUniver-
sityofGiesseninGermany.Hereceivedpostdoctoraltraininginnutrition,biochemistry,and
molecularbiologyattheUniversityofInnsbruck(Austria),EmoryUniversity,andArkansas
Children’sHospitalResearchInstitute.JanosZempleniiscurrentlyanassistantprofessorof
molecular nutrition at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. He has published more than
100 manuscripts and books and is the recipient of the 2006 Mead Johnson Award by the
AmericanSocietyforNutrition.Zempleni’sresearchfocusesonrolesofthevitaminbiotinin
chromatinstructure.
Robert B. Rucker received his PhD in biochemistry from Purdue University in 1968 and
workedfortwoyearsasapostdoctoralfellowattheUniversityofMissouri,beforejoiningthe
faculty of nutrition at the University of California (UC), Davis, in 1970. He currently holds
the title of distinguished professor. He serves as vice chair of the department of nutrition in
the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences and holds an appointment in endo-
crinology, nutrition, and vascular medicine, department of internal medicine, UC Davis,
Schoolof Medicine.
Dr. Rucker’s research focuses on cofactor function. His current research addresses
problems associated with extracellular matrix assembly, the role of copper in early growth
and development, and the physiological roles of quinone cofactors derived from tyrosine,
such as pyrroloquinolinequinone.
Honorsandactivitiesincludeservingasapastpresident,AmericanSocietyforNutrition;
appointmentasafellowintheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceandthe
American Society for Nutrition; service as chair or cochairperson for FASEB Summer and
Gordon Conferences; service on Program and Executive Committees for American Society
for Nutrition and FASEB, as well as service on committees of the Society for Experimental
BiologyandMedicine.Healsocurrentlyservesasseniorassociateeditor,AmericanJournalof
Clinical Nutrition and is a past editorial board member of the Journal of Nutrition, Experi-
mentalBiologyandMedicine,NutritionResearch,andtheAnnualReviewofNutrition.Heisa
pastrecipient ofUC Davis and theAmerican Society for NutritionResearch awards.
DonaldB.McCormickearnedhisbachelor’sdegree(chemistryandmath,1953)anddoctorate
(biochemistry, 1958) at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. His dissertation was
onpentoseandpentitolmetabolism.HewasthenanNIHpostdoctoralfellow(1958–1960)at
the University of California-Berkeley, where his research was on enzymes that convert
vitamin B to the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. He has had sabbatics in the chemistry
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departments in Basel University (Switzerland) and in the University of Arizona, and in the
biochemistry department inWageningen (Netherlands).
Dr.McCormick’sacademicappointmentshavebeenatCornellUniversity(1960–1978)in
Ithaca, New York, where he became the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of nutritional
biochemistry and at Emory University (1979–present) in Atlanta, Georgia, where he served
astheFullerE.Callawayprofessorandchairmanofthedepartmentofbiochemistryandthe
executiveassociatedeanforbasicsciencesintheschoolofmedicine.Hisresearchhasbeenon
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