Table Of Content'Third Geometrical a
Edition
·PhysiOcpatli cs
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GEOMETRICAANLD
PHYSICOAPLT ICS
R.S .L onghurst
Ph.AD..R.C.S.
, ,D .I.FC..I,n st.P.
SenLieocrt iunPr heyrs ics,
ChelCsoelal Leogned,o n
ThiErddi tion
LONGMAGNR OUP LIMITED
London
Assoccioamtpeadbn riaehnseac,sn rde presetnhtraotuitgvhhweeoos ur tl d
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R.S .L ongh1u9r61s79t,7 3
Alrli grhetsse Nrovp eador.ftt hpiusb lication
mabye r eprodsutcoiernader ,de trsiyesvtaelm ,
ort ransimnai ntfoytr emod r b ya nmye anesl,en citcr,o
mechanpihcoatlo,c orpeycionrogdro,i t nhge,r wise,
withtohpuert i poerr miosfts hiCeoo np yroiwgnhetr .
Firpsutb li1s9h5e7d
Secoenddi t1i9o6n7
Thierddi t1i9o7n3
ISBN
O5 844029 98
PrinitHneo dnK go nbgyT hCeo ntiPnirennttCialon L.gt d.
PREFATCOET HIREDD ITION
Iitas g aaip nl eatsoru ercemo yrg dr attiott uhdowesh eoh a vcer ittihcei sed
tecxotnr sutctSiivnetclhbeyeo . o ikis n tepnrdiemdfoa rrs itluyd deenttasi,l ed
critoifcp iasrmtispc ourltoaiftro h ntese a xrtae sv aluaasgb elneec rrailt icisms
oft hoev erpallaTlnh .um sa npya sshaagvbeees er ne -wrwiitttthhae ein om f
makitnhtgee exats tiofe orl Algoawbi.en a riinmn ignt dhn ee eodfss t udIe nts,
havree spdot notd hreee qutehIsas tth oguilmvdoe r teh atnhb ea sroel uttoi ons
theex ampIsl eelesi .tm telrieind t i sgusiosmoieftn hgset anbdoaorkdw aosr k
workeexda mapnladel,st haofe uwgw ho rkeexda mhpalvbeees e inn cliund ed
thmea itnew xhte irstee emtehtdah tre eyi nftohdresic ceudsu ssieofuonlr( l ays
in§ 2-w2h7e)ir stee emuesdet fuoil l lumsettrhaootfade ts t aacp kairntgi cular
claosfps r obtlhemema ,ic nh ainntg heci osn nehcatbsie oetnnos upopultyl ine
soluttioognewsti,hcte ohrmm enfotrst ,hc eo lleocfet xiaomanptt lh ebesa cokf
thbeo ok.
Myi mpresistsih oianont p ttihlceis t eirbsae tcuormmeio nrmgea thematical
bubte,a riinmn ignt dhn ee eodfus n deragtreIahs da,uvn eom ta dteh eidsi tion
signifimcoarmneat tlhyie cmtaahltae na reldiietrTi hoenirsose.n i em portant
excepIht aivaoedn d:se edv seercatlti horanetsq uaki nroew loeefdl geema ernyt
matrailxg eTbhreahr.ae bs e esno metohfai rnegv oliunet lieomne ntary
mathemtaetaicachnsimd no gss,tt udneonewtn sc oeurmn attrfaiicreelasyri lny
theciarr eersa-tsm cahnoFyoot lrh .eb iernI eh fiatvi en claucdceodou ftn htes
usoefm atrmiext hionpd asr agxeioamle torpitacinacidlsn t hteh eoofry
multiMloaryieem rpso.rp tearnhtIah, pa sva,ed daed di scuosfts hJieoo nne s
vectaonmrdas t rtihcceeo srh,ee nmcayt rainSxdt, o pkaersa maentMdeu resl ler
matersai;sc sioactweidtt hhe asdtedi iotnhsei,rns eo iwn claud diesdoc nuo sfs i
thPeo inscpahreTerh reee. a wdheiorns o fatm ilwiiatmrha tarligxe cborual d
verqyu iclkelaeyrnn outgofh o ltlhoewss eec tbiuoctna tsna ckoem fofrrotm
thfaec tth oatth seerc toifto hnbeso odkon odte peunpdot nh eTmh.e arree
sevesreaclti inwo hnistc hhe hraebs e esno meex panosfti hodenic sussions
involFvoiunrmgie etrh boudttsh edsone o itn voalniv nec rienta hsieen itial
mathaetmikcnaolw eld eedmgadnfr doem_ trheea Fdoeerrx .a mtphleierns,eo w
am ordee tadiilsseciduoo sfnt haen aloyffis n.iwitasev t er abiunttsh m iesr ely
invotlhvaeep sp liocfar teistouhnlwa tetsr ien cliuned aerdel diietrTi hoen s.
Fourtairnesrf roerlma taisosntosechwdiii aptF hr aundhioffferra pcattitoenr ns
idsi secdiu ansl sitmtolrdeee taanitdlh eirnseo a ws ecotnis opna fitlitaelr ing,
buatg aniosn i ganniitfin ccrienma asteh ecmapalrt oiwiersse sq uired.
Othmearj cohra nrgeeflse,cc tuirnrigen nttea rnepdsr to girnecslsau,nd e
expanosfti hdoein s sciuoosfnc oherweintschpe e,rc eifearlte oln acseTe hres .
disicouonsft s heel emetnhteaaornryady p plicoafht oiloongshr aabspe heyn
exapnddc eonsidtehrseae bcltoyinfi,o b nro ep thiacbsse eenx panadneadd ,
briaecfc ohuabnset eg ni voetfnh fl ey isnpgmo itc roRseccodepeen.vt e lopments
ins pectcri onssctorpauinmtdee ncthsn hiaqvmueae dsiedt e sitroea xbplaen d
thsee ctoinFo onu rtirearn ssfopremc traonstdco ao dpbdyr iaecfc ooufn ts
multainsgdlr iistlp leec trotmhMeeot ceikrn st,e rferaonmtdeh stepe hre,r ical
Fabry-iPhtea brseo etnn;e cestosr aervcyio smlepe ttehcleoy m paorfti shoen
varicoluasos fss epse ctroMmaejmtooerdr isfi.c haatvbieeo emnnas d teot he
chapotnpe hro tommeutcorhfyt :hd ei scusesairoelndi ieintro i nvo inssu al
methionsdo sow hf i stionrtiteco raneallsn yhd a bse edne lieontr edd teomr a ke
roofomra ne xpanosfti hodeni scuosfps hiyosnpi hcoatlo amnefodtr rt yh e
incluosfai d oins cuosfts hipeoh no tompertorpieocrf ht iigrehes s olution
spectrometmeirnsmo.or d Miafincyaa ntadid odnisth iaovbnees em na dien
ordteobr r itnhbgeo oaksa w homloereu pt od ate.
Thnee etdoi nclnuedmwea tehraimsaa ldi ent e caertsyosc ursteavielr ely
thaec cooufpn otlsa riamnoedft t rheyea rdleymt ienratoifco .On tsh aebr
breviaantodim oinsssi inocnlsu de elemreenltatatotri hynse gi m maptleer ial
prisspemrc otmestientrch eii sps r obmaoblreay p proptroai l aateb oratory
manual.
Thqeu esotfti eornm inaonuldno ightyaas sg acianu smeemd u cahn guish
(anidnp, h otomseotmareny g,eI ar m)d .e ligthofit nedtd h amta noyt her
authoofbr osso o kno ptriecfstu obs ebe u lalniIdedh avree tatihnmeie xde d
Gausssyisaitnne me lectrIoittms ra tughenoa entthe ia tsshim er. r ictaautsieodn
bys omqeu antbietimineegas s uirnee sadun odt hiener msub uIts elei ttle
advanitnca hgaen tgoitn hGgei osrygsiwt heimc h is equally old-fashioned,
ha�ibnegec no nceoivve7er0yd e aargswo h einwt a rse asotnopa lbaaln e
systthewamat ss u itfoartb hloews heao c cetpht'eedl uminaiefetrhaoseau r s'
realainatdly s,io nm, yv iehwa,ts h dei sadvoafmn atkaigtnehtg er ansition
fromc lastsomi ocdaeplmh ysmiocrdsei fficAuplatfrr.ot mt hIih sa vues eSdI
uniatnsrd e commteenrdamensdsd y mbaosfl asar ss eermesa so(ntahbel e
vinttahgpaeet r mcimat nsid rs econtcohi elrceeadatl ni gstarnocdmm -s1
).
Id oa cctehpdete siroafbu inliifotriymnt i htyue s oefa greseydm bfoorl s
variqouuasn taintmdyi m easit nr ansgrietssh sei oPnov yencttIiho nargv; e
contitnouu sSeefo d rs ursfaicnAecfo era rienav ciotnefsu sion with amplitude
anIdfe el that otfbh oel ndri ent thbeionsot iklis eo sns tloci aaucbsolene
fusFiuornt.ah ne ri,m pesctuundiiuesonn ultsi t kove olttyope a y foerxt threa
reseottfth tiepyn etg h at bwero euqludti or edht ahfuveles l t orpesm ofrvoemd,
sacym,t. h routghhoossueetc s to ifto hnbeo otkh haatv neoo tte hrwbieseen
chantgode odt ;hw iosu bel pdo inpteldeasnst ry.
Is tbiellli evaet etxhtasbtuo acoishtkn h a il sio sfbt o soa knrde vairetwi cles
inE ngliisms ohru es efofrum lo srte adtehraasnl onlgio sfrt e ferset noc e
origpianpaealrn sy;ow nies htioln ogct ahoteer igipnaapbleya rw ornkaemre d
int htee sxitm hpaltsyoc onstuhAleut t hIonrdo efPx h ysAibcss trfoartc htes
yeqauro (toeirdsn, o mcea stehfosel, l oyweianrg) .
FinaIwl ilsyth,or ecmoyrg dr attiotm uywd iewf heho a asg abionr tnhee
preparoafat n ieoewnd itwiiotfonhr titudgiev-eaang n rded aetao lfh elp
throuignph roeuptat rhtiepyn egsi cpatrn d reapdrionogf st.h e
R.S .LO NGHURST
ChelseaL oCnodlolne.g e,
May1 972.
PREFACTEO F IRSETD ITION
Tmsb ooikis n tepnrdiemdafo rrsi tluyd reenatdsfoi ran ngh onoduergsir ne e
physbiucitsit ,s h optehdia wtt� b eo fu steot hotsaek giennge orrpa als s
degraeneadsl t soot howsheio n tteosn pde ciianol pitazittec h spe o st-gFaduate
levTehlu.os nt, h oen hea nIdh avter iteogd i avs eu fficideenttalaiycl ceodu nt
oft hseu bjteomc atkt eh beo ouks etfuotl h meo raed vanscteudda ennodtn ,
thoet hhearnI dh ave borne in mtihnmeda tthheeme aqtfauicictpa mlte hnatt
ofs omree admeirgbshe st o mewlhiamtiF toeerdx .a mapllteh,ao nua gchc ount
isg ivoefnK irchhfoorffm'usl aotfHi uoyng epnrsi'n ctihpcelh ea,po tne rs
difftriaoacnn dd iffragrcattiioannrg dese velaospfa erad s p ossailbolneg
elemelnitnaersy. o ft Mhmoeos rtme a thempaatriotcftsa h lbe o ofakl iln to
separatea ncsdae bnceo t miiottnbesytd h lee asdsv anscteudd ent.
Sintcheii asss tudteenxttsrb'ao tohke arr etvhiIahe naw va,ep pensdoemde
suggefosrtfu irotnhrsee ra diinnsgto efga idv rienfegr etnooc reisg pianpaelr s.
Ife etlh iists h per opceoru rsisnec eu ndtehreg riasad luwaadtyeess perately
shoorftt i mTeh.se u ggeisntcilomunodsrae ed vanbcoeoadkn ssd o mree cent
reviaelawlrsi e;nE nglish.
Thbe oocko ntaan iunmsb oefpr h otogbruaitpht ha sbs,e enne cestsoa ry
grotuhpe tsoeg etfohremrfo utrpol atSeisni.ct en oiptso sstiolb olcea te each
photogarlaopnhgt shsieed cett ihoranet fe trois tI h, a vteh ouigbthe ts tp utto
thpel attoegse ntehaterhrfr e o notft he bboeotkwp,ea egn1e 6as n 1d7 .
Iitas p leatsoru ercemo yrg dr attiomt aundfryei enfodrts h ehieral tvp a rious
staignte hspe r eparoaftt hibioosno I kn.p artiIcw uilstahotr h,a DnrkL. .J .
Freemwahnro,e amdo sotft hoer igdirnaoaftftl h mea nusacnrwdii ptwthh om
Ih avhea mda nhye lpdfuils cusIsa iloswnois st.hot haDnrkG. . W .S eries,
whor eaadn cdo mmenotnte hdee n tmiarneu scDrrHi..p H t.H, o pkiwnhso,
madneu mersouugsg eisnti ocnosnwn ietCchht aipoXtnIe Vr-sX DVrIM.,. P .
Jamewsh,or eaadnc do mmeontnCe hda pterasn XdXV VIIIaIIn D,dr H.. R .
XIX.
Panewthhor, e aadn cdo mmenotnCe hda pterI a lswios thot hamnyk
wifofer h ehre linpp repatrhtieyn pge sacnrrdie patdt ihpnerg o ofs.
Ia cknowledge pewmriitshst iorto ehnpa rnokdsu cem actoeparysir ailg ht
follows:
ThDei rectort,h CeoN u.nPoc.ftiL hl.Re ,o ySaolc iaenttdyh a,eu thfoorr s
Fig9s- 13 anfrdo ma9 p -a1p4be yrS eaarnsBd a rrtehlOelx ;fo rUdn iversity
Prefosras q uotaitnCi hoanp ItXefr ro mT olanMsuklyt'Bisep alImen terfero
metorfyS urfaancFdei sl mCso;n staanbdCl oeL. t dfo.r F ig1.8 -fr1o1m
WalsPhh'ost omLeotnrgym;aG nrse,ea nn dC o.L tdfo.r F ig5.- 2fr5o m
WatsoPnh'yss iacnsdP; or fessoPra rtinfogrt Foing2 s2 -3an2d 2 2-36
fromA dvanTcreedao tnPi hsyes Cihceamli VsotlruyIm,Ve .
ChseelPao lytechnic R.S .L ONGHURST
Februa1r9y5 7
