Table Of ContentFire and Polymers
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In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
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In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 797
Fire and Polymers
org 001 Materials and Solutions
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ber 17, oi: 10.1 Gordon L. Nelson, Editor
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on Septe5, 2001 | Charles A. Wilkie, Editor
4.136 mber 1 Marquette University
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American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
ΤΗ 9446 .5 .P65F553 2001 c. 1
Fire and polymers : materials
and solutions for
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fire and polymers : materials and solutions for hazard prevention / Gordon L. Nelson,
editor, Charles A. Wilkie, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series ; 797)
“Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymeric Materials:
Science and Engineering at the 220th National Meeting of the American Chemical
Society, Washington, D.C., August 20-24, 2000.”
org 001 Includes bibliographical references and index.
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2002 Society. Meeting (220th : 2000 : Washington, D.C.) V. Series.
mber 17, doi: 10.1 T62H89.94'4262.35—.P6d5c 2F15 53 2001 2001022866
on Septe5, 2001 | The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
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89.163.3e: Septe Copyright © 2001American Chemical Society
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In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium WSeriaessh; Ainmgetorinca,n D Ch.Cem.ic 2a0l 0S3oc6ie ty: Washington, DC, 2001.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose
of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from
ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific research. Occasion
ally, books are developed from symposia sponsored by other organiza
tions when the topic is of keen interest to the chemistry audience.
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on Septe5, 2001 | ACS Books Department
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In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
Preface
In the United States we each have about a 40% probability lifetime chance of
being involved in a large enough fire to cause the fire départaient to arrive at our
g 1 door. 1.8 million fires occur in the United States annually, resulting in $ 10 billion in
s.acs.or97.pr00 wdaomrladg, efi.r e iAs lat hwoourgldhw thidee Uprnoibteledm S.t aMteso shta fsir eosn ien voofl vthee t hhei gchoemstb urastteiosn o off fpiroel yimn ethriec
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012 | htt21/bk-2 nmeaetde rieaxlsi stpse rfsopre cat ivpee.e r-reviewed book on the latest topics in fire science from a
20
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md organized in conjunction with die 220th American Chemical Society (ACS)
on Septe5, 2001 | Nsyamtipoonsaila Mine et1i9n8g9 i na nWd as1h9i9n4g.t on,F oDrt.yC-e. igThht e psaypmerpso sfiruomm blueailddisn gu peoxnp eprrtesv iionu ste n
4.136 mber 1 cinocuonrtprioersa tiwoner ien top rtehsise nvtoeldu.m eF. rom those, 28 papers were carefully selected for
163.3Septe
by 89.Date: Acknowledgments
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Downloade Publicatio ainntde rnEaWntigoein ngaerlae traeicfnuagdll eyam naidcck ntshpoeew alkPeedertgrseo alteth uetmh Ae CRsSye msDepaivorcisshiiu omnF .uo fn WdP oefl oyarml soesru iapccp Mkonraott weorliefa dltsgr:ae Sv Cceilye nnfcodeir
Johnsrud for her extensive assistance with the myriad of details in preparation for
the symposium and workshop and in die preparation and organization of PMSE
preprints from die symposium.
Gordon L. Nelson Charles A. Wilkie
College of Science and Liberal Arts Department of Chemistry
Florida Institute of Technology Marquette University
150 West University Boulevard P.O. Box 1881
Melbourne, FL 32901—6975 Milwaukee, WI 53201—1881
xi
In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
Chapter 1
Fire Retardancy in 2001
Gordon L. Nelson1 and Charles A. Wilkie2
1Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard,
Melbourne, FL 32901-6975
2Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881,
g 1 Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881
or00
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2002 significant loss of property. Some of the problems are
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Do Pu led to $10 billion in property damage and 3,570 civilian fire deaths (one every
147 minutes) and 21,875 injuries (one every 24 minutes). Some 112 fire fighters
died in the line of duty. Fires have declined over the period 1977 to 1999, most
notably structural fires, from 1,098,000 to 523,000. Civilian fire deaths in the
home (81% of all fire deaths) declined from 6,015 in 1978 to 2,895 in 1999.
While those declines are progress, the United States still maintains one of the
highest rates of fire in the world. One of the remaining needs is to make home
products more fire safe (1-4).
The higher rate of fire in the United Sates versus most industrial nations is
© 2001 American Chemical Society 1
In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
2
likely a product of five factors: (1) The U.S. commits fewer resources to fire
prevention activities; (2) there is greater tolerance in the U.S. for "accidental"
fires; (3) Americans practice riskier and more careless behavior than people in
other countries (use of space heaters for example); (4) homes in the U.S. are not
built with the same fire resistance and compartmentation as in some other
countries; and (5) perhaps most importantly, people in the U.S. have more
"stuff than those in other countries (i.e., higher fire load) as well as a higher
number of ignition sources (higher use of energy).
Polymers form a major part of the built environment, of the materials around
us. Fire safety thus, in part, depends upon those materials. Polymers are
"enabling technology," thus advances in numerous technologies depend upon
appropriate advances in polymers for success. While polymers are both natural
org 001 and synthetic, this book largely focuses on the fire aspects of synthetic polymers.
cs.ch Consumption of the five major thermoplastic resins—low-density polyethylene,
bs.a797. high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene—
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02 constitutes about 25% of worldwide plastics consumption, the European Union
20
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by Dat extinction, smoke obscuration, toxicity, and other properties. A regulation
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possible in real life appliance failures.
This volume is about the latest research in the field of fire and polymers.
Much work continues focused on improving the fire performance of polymers
through a detailed understanding of polymer degradation chemistry. New
analytical techniques continue to facilitate that analysis. Creative chemists are at
work developing new approaches and new, more thermally stable organic
structures. Mathematical fire models are becoming more sophisticated and more
broadly applicable. Tests are becoming better understood and some provide data
directly usable in fire models. And we are beginning to see the development of
science-based regulations for furniture and building materials (particularly in
Europe).
In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
3
Table I. U.S. Plastics Production—1999 vs. 1998
(millions of pounds, dry weight basis8) (6)
U.S. Plastics Production
Resin 1999 %Chg 99/98
Epoxy 657 2.8
g 1 Urea 2,691 4.3
cs.orch00 Melamine 294 1.4
s.a97. Phenolic 4,388 11.4
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on Septem5, 2001 | d POSSAt hNe r Styrenics 61,,461742143 -300...886
4.136 mber 1 NPVyClo n 141,,394192 25..80
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Grand Total 97,461 6.3
aExcept Phenolic resins (reported on a gross weight basis).
includes: Acetal, Granular Fluoropolymers, Poly ami de-imide, Polycarbonate,
Thermoplastic Polyester, Polyimide, Modified Polyphenylene Oxide, Polyphenylene
Sulfide, Polysulfone, Polyetherimide and Liquid Crystal Polymers.
In Fire and Polymers; Nelson, G., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001.
