Table Of ContentМинистерство науки и высшего образования
Российской Федерации
Забайкальский государственный университет
Е. Ю. Кабановская
ENGLISH FOR HYDROLOGISTS
Учебное пособие
Чита
ЗабГУ
2020
УДК 811.111:551.579(075)
ББК 81.43:26.23я7
ББК Ш143:26.23я7
К120
Рекомендовано к изданию учебно-методическим советом
Забайкальского государственного университета
Рецензенты
С. Л. Новолодская, канд. пед. наук, доцент,
заведующий кафедрой гуманитарных дисциплин, Забайкальский
инстиут предпринимательства (филиал) Сибирского университета
потребительской кооперации, г. Чита
Ю. Г. Соловьева, канд. филол. наук, заведующий кафедрой
иностранных языков, Читинская государственная медицинская
академия, г. Чита
Кабановская, Елена Юрьевна
К120 English for hydrologists : учебное пособие / Е. Ю. Каба-
новская ; Забайкальский государственный университет. – Чита :
ЗабГУ, 2020. – 144 с.
ISBN 978-5-9293-2623-3
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1‒2 курсов,
обучающихся по направлению 05.03.04 Гидрометеорология.
Тематика текстов и принятая система упражнений направлены на
достижение основной цели – научить студентов читать и понимать
оригинальную научную литературу по специальности. Пособие состоит из
10 разделов, раздела для дополнительного чтения, англо-русского словаря.
УДК 811.111:551.579(075)
ББК 81.43:26.23я7
ББК Ш143:26.23я7
ISBN 978-5-9293-2623-3 © Забайкальский государственный
университет, 2020
Оглавление
Предисловие ............................................................................................... 4
Введение ...................................................................................................... 5
Unit 1. Hydrology as a science ..................................................................... 6
Unit 2. Global hydrological cycle ............................................................. 14
Unit 3. Atmospheric moisture ................................................................. 22
Unit 4. Precipitation ................................................................................. 29
Unit 5. Surface runoff and ground water ................................................. 37
Unit 6. Hydrology of rivers ...................................................................... 44
Unit 7. Hydrology of lakes ....................................................................... 52
Unit 8. Drainage basin geometry ......................................................... 59
Unit 9. Flood .............................................................................................. 66
Unit 10. Water Pollution ........................................................................... 72
Supplementary reading ........................................................................... 80
English-Russian dictionary ..................................................................... 90
Заключение ........................................................................................... 142
Библиографический список ............................................................... 143
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Предисловие
Уважаемые студенты!
Основные направления в области исследования гидрологии
водных объектов суши и региональной гидрографии играют важную
роль в современной науке. Автор представляет вашему вниманию
учебное пособие под названием «English for hydrologists». В издании
представлены основные вопросы изучения развития гидрологических
процессов, взаимосвязь гидрологических процессов с природными
условиями водосборов водных объектов, что позволяет познакомить
студентов с основными закономерностями географического размещения
водных объектов разных типов: рек, озёр, водохранилищ и подземных
вод.
Цель учебного пособия – научить студентов читать и понимать
оригинальную научную литературу по специальности.
Издание включает в себя основные разделы по профессиональной
тематике.
Для успешного овладения материалом в пособии представлен
англо-русский словарь.
Введены следующие обозначения заданий: Text (A) – основной
текст раздела; Text (B) – дополнительный текст раздела; Exercises (A) –
предтекстовые упражнения; Exercises (B) – послетекстовые
упражнения.
Желаем успеха!
4
Введение
Учебное пособие состоит из 10 разделов, текстов для
дополнительного чтения, англо-русского словаря.
Разделы пособия включают следующие составляющие: словарь к
основному тексту раздела; предтекстовые лексические упражнения к
основному тексту; основной текст; послетекстовые упражнения к
основному тексту, включая творческие задания; дополнительный текст;
послетекстовые задания к дополнительному тексту.
Словарь к основному тексту предназначен для ознакомления с
новой лексикой по предложенной теме. Предтекстовые упражнения ‒
это лексические упражнения, направленные на активизацию навыков по
теме; перевода производных; чтения и перевода словосочетаний,
встречающихся в основном тексте. Основные тексты затрагивают
различные сферы по профессиональной тематике, способствуя
формированию определённой базы навыков в области научно-
технического языка.
Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на автоматизацию
навыков монологической и диалогической речи по основной теме и
включают задания, направленные на раскрытие содержания раздела, а
также творческие задания, в виде обсуждения определённых аспектов
темы по предложенным утверждениям и формирование собственного
мнения по обсуждаемой теме. Дополнительные тексты служат для
расширения информации по теме и могут быть предназначены для
самостоятельной работы студентов. Послетекстовые упражнения к
дополнительному тексту направлены на активизацию и автоматизацию
навыков устной речи по теме. Пособие содержит таблицы и
иллюстрации к определённым темам, что способствует более
эффективному усвоению предложенного материала.
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Unit 1.
Hydrology as a science
Exercises (A)
1. Learn new words:
movement – движение hydraulics ‒ гидравлика
quality of water – качество воды hydrological research programs-
hydrologic cycle – гидрологический программы гидрологических
цикл исследованй
water resources – водные empiricism – эмпиризм
ресурсы investigation ‒ исследование
marine hydrology – гидрология морей accurate – точный
drainage basin management – управление to combine – сочетать
бассейна с дренажом velocity – скорость
groundwater hydrology – гидрология infiltration theory – теория
подземных вод проникновения
earth's surface – повехность земли
rainfall – ливень
2. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives:
science – scientific – scientifically – scientist; distribute –
distribution – distributive – distributor; investigation – investigator–
investigatory; adopt– adoption; represent – representation – representative;
measure – measured – measureless – measurement.
3. Translate the following word combinations:
the scientific study of the movement, distribution and quality of water
on Earth; including the hydrologic cycle; water resources and environmental
watershed sustainability; a practitioner of hydrology; within the fields of
earth or environmental science, geology or civil and environmental
engineering; surface water hydrology; marine hydrology; drainage basin
management and water quality; a subject of investigation and engineering; a
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philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, to infiltrate the Earth's surface;
to streams and springs in the lowlands; with adoption of a more scientific
approach; to reach an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle;
pioneers of the modern science of hydrology; drainage area, to combine
velocity and river cross-section measurements; evaporation from the
Mediterranean Sea; development in groundwater hydrology, rational
analyses; hydrological research programs; the infiltration theory of Robert E.
Horton, to be facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of
hydrological processes.
Text (A)
Read the text «Hydrology as a science»:
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and
quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle,
water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of
hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields of earth or
environmental science, physical geography, geology or civil and
environmental engineering. Hydrology is subdivided into surface water
hydrology, groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology), and marine hydrology.
Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology, surface
hydrology,hydrogeology, drainage basin management and water quality,
where water plays the central role.
Hydrology has been a subject of investigation and engineering for
millennia. For example, Marcus Vitruvius, in the first century BC, described
a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling
in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs
in the lowlands. With adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da
Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation
7
of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic
variables began to be quantified.
Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault,
Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and
drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for flow
of the Seine. Marriotte combined velocity and river cross-section
measurements to obtain discharge, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the
evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea was sufficient to account for the
outflow of rivers flowing into the sea.
Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and
Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, and the Pitot tube, by Henri Pitot.
The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including
Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's
capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the
20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological
research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit
hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis's
aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology
has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated
by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by
the advent of computers and especially geographic information systems
(GIS).
Exercises (B)
1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
1. hydrology is the scientific study 1. drainage basin management and
of the movement, distribution and water quality, where water
2. Hydrology is subdivided into plays the central role
surface water hydrology, groundwater 2. and engineering for millennia
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hydrology 3. and quality of water on
3. domains of hydrology include Earth and other planets
hydrometeorology, 4. Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte
surface hydrology and and Edmund Halley.
4. hydrology has been a subject of 5. and marine hydrology
of investigation
5. pioneers of the modern science
of hydrology include
2. Put as many questions to the text as possible
3. Make up a plan of the text
4. Retell the text
5. Speak on the following topics:
1. Hydrogeology
2. Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology
3. Development in groundwater hydrology
6. Speak about the first pioneer of modern
hydrology, using the text:
Perrault grew up in a bourgeois family, had at
least seven siblings, and probably lived all his life in
Paris. Little is known about his life, despite the fame of
some of his younger brothers. These include Claude, an
architect of part of the Louvre Palace; Nicholas, a doctor of theology known
for his denunciation of the Jesuits; andCharles, author of Tales of Mother
Goose.
Perrault was trained as a lawyer, and in 1654 purchased the position of
Receiver General of Finances for Paris. This post involved collecting taxes
for Louis XIV, and he received a percentage of the taxes he collected. This
position ruined him when Louis XIV chose to calm rebellious taxpayers by
9
granting a remission of all taxes that were still owed after 10 years. Pierre
had used some of his tax receipts for 1664 to pay creditors, and when he
could not deliver the money to the royal treasury, he was forced into
bankruptcy.
After the bankruptcy Perrault became an amateur scientist and focused
his attention on the origin of springs. The result of his labor was his book de
l'Origine des fontaines (On the Origin of Fountains), published anonymously
in 1674 and dedicated to his friend Christiaan Huygens.
In the millennia before Pierre Perrault published his book, most natural
philosophes asserted that there was not enough precipitation to account for
the flow in rivers and springs. Aristotle claimed that most of the water came
from underground caverns in which air was transformed into water. Many
others argued that seawater entered underground caverns, was heated until it
rose as vapor, then condensed and fed springs, which in turn fed rivers.
Although some philosophers such as Anaxagorashad more realistic models of
the hydrologic cycle, the weight of authority was behind the more fanciful
theories.
Perrault devoted the first part of his book, On the Origin of Springs, to
analyzing the ideas of his predecessors and what he called the "Common
Opinion", rejecting most of it. He estimated the flow in the Seine River and
compared it with rainfall in the watershed, showing that the rainfall was
easily enough to account for the flow in the river. This conclusion was later
supported by a more rigorous quantitative analysis published by Edme
Mariotte.
With a series of experiments, Perrault showed that rain does not
penetrate the soil beyond about 2 feet. Thus, most of the rain that falls does
not go into springs. Perrault went on to develop the theory of the hydrologic
cycle, correctly accounting for the roles of evaporation, transpiration,
throughflow and surface runoff.
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