Table Of ContentDetection of Bulk Explosives
Advanced Techniques against Terrorism
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Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry-Vol. 138
Detection of Bulk Explosives
Advanced Techniques against
Terrorism
edited by
Hiltmar Schubert
Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie,
Pfinztal, Germany
and
Andrey Kuznetsov
V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute,
St. Petersburg, Russia
w
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Detection of Bulk Explosives
Advanced Techniques against Terrorism
St. Petersburg, Russia
16-21 June 2003
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-1934-0 ISBN 978-94-007-0962-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0962-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
©2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
v
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowlegdement xiii
DetectionofExplosives
HiltmarSchubert, Fraunhofer-InstitutfurChemischeTechnologie,
Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-StraBe7,76327Pfinztal,Germany
OverviewofBulkExplosivesDetectionTechniques 7
AV.Kuznetsov
V.G.Khlopin RadiumInstitute,
28,2ndMurinskypr..St. Petersburg,194021,Russia
OutcomeoftheNATOARW"VaporandTraceDetectionofExplosivesfor 31
AntiterrorismPurposes"inMoscow
MichaelKrausa, Fraunhofer-InstitutfurChemischeTechnologie(Icn,
Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-StraBe7,76327Pfinztal,Germany
ClassificationofTechnologies forBulkDetectionofExplosives 39
P.Mostak,M.Stand
ResearchInstituteofIndustrialChemistry, Explosia
53217Pardubice-Semtin,Czech Republic
MultiLevelConceptfortheDetectionofExplosives 45
H.Ries
SmithsHeimannGmbH,
P.O.Box3009,65020Wiesbaden,Germany
MethodofHiddenExplosivesDetection UsingReflectedLowPowerGamma 53
Irradiation
V.S.Golubev,A.S.Kaminsky,AN.Khmylev,V.S.Kuznetsov,VA Pavshook,
YE.5.Subbotin
RussianResearchCenter"KurshatovInstitute",
1,Kurchatovsq.,Moscow,123182,Russia
BulkExplosiveDetectionbyNeutronInterrogation:ResultsfromtheExplodet 59
Collaboration
G.Viesti',G.Nebbia',M.tunardon', S.Moretto', S.Pesente', M.Barbur',
2,
M.Cinausero', E.Horetto".G.Prete A Pantaleo".G.D'Erasrno",M.Palomba',
M.Abbrescia', G.laselli', F.toddo',V.Paticchio",A Ranieri'. R.Trentadue".
A Colla', A MUsso', A Piccotti",F.Poqqio",G.Dellacasa",V.Hlippini",
J.Obhodas', D.Sudac', K. Nad',V.valkovic'
'DipartirnentodiFisicadell'Universita diPadovaandINFN,
ViaMarzola8,1-35100Padova,Italy
21NFNLaboratoriNazionalidiLegnaro,
ViaRomea4,Legnaro,1-35020Legnaro(Padova), Italy
JDipartimentodiFisicadell'UniversitadiBariandINFN,
ViaAmendola 173,1-70126Bari,Italy
"DipartirnentodiFisicaSperimentaledell'Universita diTorinoandINFN,
ViaP. Giuria1,1-10125Torino,Italy
sUniversitadelPiemonteOrientaleandINFN,
CorsoBorsalino54,1-15100Alessandria,Italy
61NFNSezionediPavia,
ViaU.Bassi8,1-27100Pavia, Italy
vi
7Departmentof Experimental Physics, RuderBoskovic Institute,
Bijenickac.54,10000Zagreb,Corata
TheMain TasksoftheScientific andTechnicalPolicyoftheFederalBorderService 83
oftheRussianFederation initsStruggleAgainstTerrorism
AV.Pavlov, S.N.Karasev
ResearchTestTechnicalCenterofFederalFrontierTroopsofRussia,
37A,AkademikaVolginast.,117437,Moscow,Russia
DetectionandIdentificationofBulkExplosivesUsingPortableNeutronGenerators 85
E.P.Bogolubov,SA Korotkov,1.0.Khasaev
All-Russian ResearchInstituteofAutomatics,
22,Suschevskayastr.,Moscow,130030,Russia
DetectionofHidden ExplosivesbyNanosecondNeutronAnalysisTechnique 89
A.V.Evsenin,AV.Kuznetsov, 0.1.Osetrov,D.N.Vakhtin
V.G.KhlopinRadiumInstitute,
28,2ndMurinskypr.,St.Petersburg,194021,Russia
TechnologyofElementalAnalysiswith UsageofGeneratorsofNeutronsfor 105
DetectionofExplosiveDevicesEstablishedinaSoil,LuggageandOtherSubjects
V.M.Gruznov,B.G.Titov
TheDesign&TechnologicalInstituteofInstrumentEngineeringforGeophysicsand
Ecology,theSiberianBranchofRAS,
3/6ProAk.Koptyuga,630090,Novosibirsk,Russia
TheDetectionofExplosivesinAirportLuggageUsingtheDirectNuclear 113
QuadrupoleResonanceMethod
J.H.Flexman,T.N.Rudakov,PA Hayes,N.Shanks,V.T.Mikhaltesevitch,
w.P.Chisholm
ResearchDivision,QRSciencesLimited,
8-10HamiltonStreet,Cannington,WA6107,Australia
DetectionofAmmoniumNitrateInsideVehiclesbyNuclearQuadrupoleResonance 125
(Abstract)
J.Barras",M.J.Gaskell",N.Hunt',R.1.Jenkinson", K.Mann',D.Peddar',
G.N.Shilstone",JAS.Smith"
"King'sCollegeLondon, Strand, LondonWC2R2LS, UK
bDstlEnergeticsTechnologyDepartment,FortHalstead,Sevenoaks,
KentTN147BP,UK
'ERATechnologyLtd,CleeveRoad, Leatherhead, KT22 7SA, UK
ChallengesinApplicationandEvaluation ofEDSSystemsforAviationSecurity 127
C.J.deRuiter
ProjectmanagerAviationSecurity,TNO-PML,
P.O.Box45,2280AARijswijk,TheNetherlands
CircuitsofDigitalSignalProcessinginNQR 137
V.S.Grechishkin
KaliningradStateUniversity,
14,A Nevskyst.,236041 Kaliningrad,Russia
vii
TheDesignPhilosophyoftheCombinedSystemsforDetection ofExplosive 149
SubstancesUsingX-RayandTNADevices
Y.1.Olshansky, AB.Vishnevkin, AG.Sorokin,Y.G.Levin, N.E. Gjibovsky,
S.M.Stepushkin,I.B.Bruk
Scientific&TechnicalCenter"RATEC',Ltd.,
44/2,Oktjabrskaj emb.,193079,PObox84,St.Petersburg, Russia
Sub-SurfaceLocation:TechniquesandEquipment 155
Somepracticalresultsfrom Russia
G.N.Sherbakov,V.N.Tkach, D.V.Tkachev
Engineering-CommercialMultiprofileCenter-1Ltd.,TechnicalSecurity,
27/1,13thParkovayast.,105215,Moscow,Russia
DetectionofExplosivesUsingContinuousMicrowaves 161
V.P.Averianov, I.YU.Gorshkov,AV.Kuznetsov,AS.Vishnevetskiy
V.G.KhlopinRadiumInstitute,28,2ndMurinskypr.,St. Petersburg,194021,Russia
ApplicationofLlBSSpectroscopyforRemoteBulkDetection ofExplosives 167
C.Romano,S.Graser,K.Faulian,W.Schade
InstitutfOrPhysikundPhysikalischeTechnologien,TechnischeUniversitatClausthal
G.Holl
WehrwissenschaftlichesInstitutfurWerk-,Explosiv-undBetriebsstoffe(WIWEB),
Swisttal-Heimerzheim
UsingofAcousticTechniquesforDetection ofExplosivesinGas, LiquidandSolid 175
Mediums
AN.Valyaev',VA Yanushkevich'
'NuclearSafetyInstituteofRussianAcademyofSciences(NSI RAS),
52,B.Tulskaya, Moscow,Russia,113191
2JointStockCompany"Conversia",
12Zvezdnaya, MoscowRegion,Russia,143909
AnalysisofthePossibilityofExplosivesDetection withPulsedNeutronsSounding 185
Method
V.YA Averchenkov, G.S.Vinyarski,Yu.M.Drosdov,AP.Morovov
TheRussianFederalNuclearCenter- All-RussiaScientificResearchInstituteof
ExperimentalPhysics(VNIIEF),
37,MiraProspekt,Sarov,N.Novgorodreg.,607190,Russia
ComplexSystemfor Detection,LocalizationandDestructionofExplosiveMaterials 195
inSuspectObjectsFoundinPublicAreas
V.S. Kyzyurov",AI. Laykin",A.B.Vishnevkin", Yu.1.Olshansky",NAlvanov',
AI. Mikhailin", V.V.Silnikov''
AKrylovShipbuildingResearchInstitute,
44Moskovskoyeshosse, 196158,St. Petersburg,Russia
"ScientificandTechnologicalCenterRATEC, Limited,
44Octyabrskayaquay, 193079,St. Petersburg,Russia
cSpecializedMaterialsResearchandProductionEnterprise,
58-A,Sampsonievskipr,194044,St. Petersburg,Russia
EUDEM2:OverviewandSomeEarlyFindings 201
J.Wtorek,A Janczulewicz,A Polinski, A Bujnowski,H.Sahli*,K.DeBruyn*
GdanskUniversityofTechnology,*VrijeuniversiteitBrussel,
80-952Gdansk,Narutowicza 11/12,Poland
viii
PossibilityofUsingX-RayInspectionSystemsforDetection ofTerrorism-Related 209
Explosives
A Akhmatov,S.Kleimenov
Scientific-ProductionDevelopment"DELTA",
18,KlariTsetkinstr.,125299,Moscow,Russia
MethodforDetection ofFissioningandExplosiveSubstances 211
YU.N.Gavrish,AV.Sidorov,AM.Fialkovsky
D.V.EfremovScientificResearchInstituteofElectrophyicalApparatus(NIIEFA),
3,DoroganaMetallostroy,Promzona "Metallostroy",Metallostroy,St.Petersburg,
196641,Russia
FastNeutron AnalysisattheSwedishDefenceResearchAgency(FOI) 219
A.Axelsson,P.Andersson, K.Elmgren, P.Jansson,N.Olsson, A.Ringbom,
K.Wilhelmsen-Rolander
SwedishDefenceResearchAgency(FOI),
SystemsTechnologyDivision, 17290Stockholm,Sweden
Detection ofBulkExplosiveswithInelasticFastNeutronsScattering 225
V.V.Smirnov,M.N.Chubarov, I.Yu.Gorshkov,AV.Kuznetsov,0.1. Osetrov
V.G.KhlopinRadiumInstitute,
28,2ndMurinskypr.,St.Petersburg, 194021,Russia
ix
Preface
The"ExplosiveDetectionWorkingGroup"(EDWG)ofthe"AdvisoryPanelonSecurity-Related
CivilScienceandTechnology" hasproposedinitsmeetingof5September2003tosponsor
duringthenexttwo years4or5AdvancedResearchWorkshops(ARW)concerningdetectionof
explosivesinconnexionwithcounterterrorism.
ThefirstthreeARWsshoulddealwith
• VapourandTraceDetectionofExplosives,
• DetectionofBulkExplosivesand
• ElectronicNose/SensorsforDetectionofExplosives.
ThefirstonehastakenplaceinMarchinMoscow,thesecondoneinJuneinSt.Petersburg
(Russia)andthethirdoneinOctoberinCoventry, U.K.-allin2003.
Theideawastocoverallknownsensortechnologiesforapplicationintheareaof
counterterrorism.
TheproceedingssubmittedinthiscopyweredealingwiththeARWentitled:
"DetectionofBulkExplosives:AdvancedTechniquesagainstTerrorism".
ThedetectionofexplosivesfordeminingwascontentofthreeARWssponsoredbyNATOsome
yearsbeforeandseveralsensortechniquespresentedinthoseworkshopswerebasedonsimilar
technologiesasdiscussedhere,onlytheapplicationsweredifferent.
TheWorkshopwasattendedbymorethat35participantsfromAustralia, Czech Republic,
Germany,Italy,TheNetherlands,Poland, Russia, Sweden,andUK.Thepresentedtalkscanbe
splitintothefollowing categories.
Overviewsdevotedto:
• existingandemergingbulkexplosivesdetectiontechniques;
• scientificandtechnicalpolicyoftheFederalBorderServiceoftheRussianFederation;
• challengesinapplicationandevaluationofEDSsystemsforaviationsecurity;
• multi-sensorapproachtoexplosives'detection.
Reportsdevotedtothefollowingindividualexplosives'detectiontechniques:
• X-raysystemsinairports;
• "neutronin,gammaout" techniques(TNA,PFNA,API,NNA);
• neutronandgammabackscattering;
• nuclearquadrupleresonance, includingremoteNQR;
• sub-surfaceradars;
• microwavescanners;
• laser-inducedburstspectroscopy(L1BS);
• acousticsensors;
• non-linearlocation(NLJD);
• systemsforlocalizationanddestructionofexplosiveobjects.
x
Resultsfrom thefollowing meetingsandcollaborationswerereported:
• NATOARW"VaporandTraceDetection of Explosivesfor AntiterrorismPurposes",
Moscow,March 2003.
• Expertworkshoponexplosivedetectiontechniquesforuseinmineclearanceand
securityrelatedrequirements,2- 4June2003, BledLake,Slovenia.
• Gordon ResearchConference:IllicitSubstanceDetection:ExplosivesJune8-13, 2003,
Barga,Italy.
• EXPLODETCollaboration.
• EUDEM2 Collaboration.
Consequencesandrecommendationsforfurtherinvestigationsaboutthedetectionof
bulk explosives.
Thelongterm goal-100% detection,0% falsealarms- isan"impossible" dream,howeverwe
should alwaysworkfor betterdetection systemstoenhancethesecurityof the public, because
terroristswill alwaysfind new waystocommitterroristacts.
Shortterm goalisimprovementofcurrent detectionsystemsinatimely andcost-effective
manner.
Thefollowingscenariosshould beconsidered:
Target Sensor
1 Luggagecontrol
Personalcontrol mobile stationary
Carcontrol
2 Searchfor bombs Stationary mobile
3 Suicidebombers Mobile mobile
While insomescenariosthegeneraldirection ofworkisto reducethe inspection time, inother
scenariostime will besacrificedinfavorof 100%detection probability. Thiscanbedetermined
from thefeed-back from usersof EDtechnologies,which isinmanycaseslacking now.
• Luggagecontrol includingpersonalscreening
Commercial apparatusforairports areavailable.X-Raywithorwithoutbackscattering canbe
supplemented byNQRorbyNeutron basedtechniques.Anewgenerationwithhigher
performanceandbetterinformationareused,but experiencesmustbecollected. Thequestion
is,areweableto detectallexplosives,allcombinationsandmayitbepossibleto maskexplosive
materialsinanyway?Itmaybeunrealisticto reacha100% security! Furtherresearchinthis
areashouldconcentrateonreducingthetime of inspection,increasingthe detectionprobability
andreducingthefalsealarmrate,thwarting possiblecountermeasures,eliminatingthe
"undetectableexplosives"problem anddevelopmentof automateddecision-takingalgorithms.
• Detection of Explosivesinflexiblesurroundings
Methodsfordetectionofexplosivematerialsinflexibleandunknownsurroundings(byreflection
measurement)aremoreorlessavailableinlab.scale.Themosturgenttaskincounteringthe
threatbysuicidebombers.Thecreationof remote(standoff) inspectiontools,wouldbe
