Table Of ContentComputer-Aided
Highway Engineering
Computer-Aided
Highway Engineering
Sandipan Goswami
and
Pradip Sarkar
First edition published 2021
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Dedication
I, Sandipan Goswami, dedicate this work to my parents
Mr. Mrinal Kanti Goswami and Mrs. Snigdha Goswami
And also, to all my colleagues & friends in India and Malaysia
who helped me learn and gather knowledge on the subject
Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................xxix
Chapter 1 Project Overview and Highway Engineering ..........................................1
1.1 General ...........................................................................................1
1.2 Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Annuity Model .......................2
1.2.1 Concessions, Build Operate Transfer (BOT),
and Design Build ...............................................................2
1.2.1.1 Operate (DBO) Projects ......................................2
1.2.2 Overview of Concessions, BOTs, and DBO Projects ........2
1.2.3 Key Features ......................................................................3
1.2.3.1 Concessions ........................................................3
1.2.3.2 BOT Projects .......................................................4
1.2.4 Contractual Structure .........................................................6
1.3 The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) ...............................................6
1.3.1 The Importance ..................................................................7
1.3.2 Why the Project Authority, Developer Builder and
Public Should Care ............................................................7
1.4 Feasibility Study ............................................................................8
1.4.1 Preparation of Feasibility Studies Report (FSR) ...............8
1.5 Detail Project Report (DPR) ..........................................................9
1.5.1 Preparing the DPR .............................................................9
1.5.1.1 Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................9
1.5.1.2 Chapter 2: Socioeconomic Profile ....................10
1.5.1.3 Chapter 3: Traffic Surveys, Analysis, and
Forecast .............................................................10
1.5.1.4 Chapter 4: Engineering Surveys and
Investigation Report ..........................................11
1.5.1.5 Chapter 5: Improvement Proposals and
Preliminary Design ...........................................11
1.5.1.6 Chapter 6: Cost Estimate ..................................12
1.5.1.7 Chapter 7: Conclusion ......................................12
Bibliography ..........................................................................................12
Chapter 2 Design Standards ...................................................................................13
2.1 General .........................................................................................13
2.2 Highway Detail Engineering ........................................................13
2.2.1 Design Criteria .................................................................13
vii
viii Contents
2.2.2 Terrain Classification ....................................................13
2.2.3 Lane Requirement .........................................................14
2.2.4 Lane Width ....................................................................14
2.2.5 Shoulders .......................................................................14
2.2.6 Medians .........................................................................15
2.2.7 Side Slopes ....................................................................15
2.2.8 Right of Way (ROW) .....................................................15
2.2.9 Cross Sectional Elements ..............................................16
2.2.10 Super Elevation .............................................................16
2.2.11 Plain and Rolling Terrain ..............................................16
2.2.12 Hilly Terrain ..................................................................16
2.2.13 Standards for Interchange Elements..............................16
2.2.14 Median Openings ..........................................................17
2.2.15 Underpasses/Cattle Crossings .......................................17
2.2.16 Standards for Interchanges ............................................18
2.2.17 Standards for At-Grade Intersections ............................19
2.2.18 Subsurface Drainage .....................................................19
2.2.19 Surface Drainage ...........................................................19
2.2.20 Design Standards for Bridges/Structures ......................19
2.2.21 Width of New Bridges ...................................................20
2.2.22 Minor Bridges ...............................................................21
2.2.23 Major Bridges................................................................21
2.2.24 Rail Over Bridges (ROBs) ............................................21
2.2.25 Underpasses...................................................................21
2.2.26 Flyovers .........................................................................22
2.2.27 Planning for New Bridges .............................................22
2.2.28 Planning for New Culverts ............................................22
2.2.29 Design Loading .............................................................23
2.2.30 Carriageway Live Load .................................................23
2.2.31 Tractive and Braking Force ...........................................23
2.2.32 Footpath Live Load .......................................................24
2.2.33 Wind Forces ..................................................................24
2.2.34 Seismic Forces ..............................................................24
2.2.35 Buoyancy Effects ..........................................................24
2.2.36 Codes and Publications .................................................24
2.2.37 Deck Levels of Structures .............................................24
2.3 Roadway Capacity and Levels of Service (LOS) ........................25
2.3.1 Level of Service (LOS) .................................................25
2.3.2 Design Vehicle ...............................................................25
2.3.3 Capacity Analysis ..........................................................25
2.4 Design Speed ...............................................................................27
2.4.1 Driving Speed ................................................................27
2.4.2 Selecting of Design Speed ............................................27
2.4.3 Effect of Terrain ............................................................27
Contents ix
2.4.4 Posted Speed Related to Design Speed ...........................28
2.4.5 Existing Roads .................................................................29
2.4.6 Locations of Changing Design Speed .............................29
2.4.7 Interchanges .....................................................................29
2.4.8 Reduction Below Standards .............................................30
2.5 Sight Distance ..............................................................................30
2.5.1 General ............................................................................30
2.5.2 Driver’s Eye Height and Object Height ...........................30
2.5.3 Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) .......................................31
2.5.4 Safe Passing Sight Distance (SPSD) or Overtaking
Sight Distance (OSD) ......................................................32
2.5.5 Decision Sight Distance (DSD) .......................................33
2.5.6 Maintaining Sight Distances ............................................35
2.5.7 Provision of Safe Passing Site Distance ..........................35
Bibliography ..........................................................................................35
Chapter 3 Introduction to Computer Applications .................................................37
3.1 General .........................................................................................37
3.2 Topographical Maps or Aerial Survey Data Processing ..............37
3.3 Processing of Topographic Survey Data by
Total Station Instrument ...............................................................38
3.4 Processing of Cross Section Survey Data by
Autolevel Instrument ....................................................................39
3.5 Processing of Bearing Line Survey Data .....................................39
3.6 Processing of Ground Elevation Data by
Satellite Downloaded from Internet .............................................40
3.7 The Contours are Superimposed on
the Satellite Imagery ....................................................................40
3.8 Ground Modeling .........................................................................41
3.9 Triangulation and Contours .........................................................41
3.10 Tutorial Videos .............................................................................42
3.11 New Highway or Low-Cost Rural Road Design with
Uniform Single or Dual Carriageway ..........................................42
3.12 New Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Design with
Multiple Sections .........................................................................42
3.13 Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Widening with
Multiple Sections .........................................................................43
3.14 Hill Road Design ..........................................................................43
3.15 Design of At-Grade Intersections .................................................43
3.16 Design of Multi-Level Grade Separated Interchanges .................44
3.17 Design of Flexible and Rigid Pavement .......................................44
3.18 Design of Highway Drainage .......................................................44
3.19 Modes of Data Processing ...........................................................44
3.19.1 New/Open Project Workspace .........................................45
