Table Of ContentCOMMUNITIES AND CONNECTIONS
Barry CunliVe KBE, Professor of European Archaeology,
UniversityofOxford,1972–2007
Communities and
Connections: Essays in
V
Honour of Barry Cunli e
Edited by
CHRIS GOSDEN, HELENA HAMEROW, PHILIP DE
JERSEY, AND GARY LOCK
1
3
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Editors’ Foreword
British archaeology has been a considerable success story over the last forty
years both as an academic discipline and as a subject with wide popular
appeal. This success is naturally the result of the ideas and eVorts of a
large number of people, so that it is invidious in some ways to single out
individuals. However, some individual contributions are so remarkable
that the manner in which archaeology has developed in Britain would
have been fundamentally diVerent without their eVorts. Barry CunliVe
belongs to that rare category of people whose activities have shaped the
discipline.
Excavationisfundamentaltoarchaeologybothinprovidingrawmater-
ial for research and in generating popular interest. Barry has carried out
excavations—and published those excavations—on a scale unmatched in
Britain. Mike Fulford in his Preface to this volume has considered these
excavations in more detail. We would like here brieXy to reXect upon
the way in which Barry’s immense organizational talents have been
manifest in other areas, particularly within the University of Oxford, where
hisinXuencehasbeennothingshortofprofound.
When Barry took up the Chair of European Archaeology in 1972, the
Institute of Archaeology (set up by Christopher Hawkes) was just over
tenyearsoldandwashometorelativelysmallnumbersofgraduatestudents
and no undergraduates. The Institute had links with that other centre of
archaeology in Oxford, the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the
History of Art (set up in 1955). But these links were essentially personal,
with few formal ties. The main coordinating body in Oxford was the Com-
mittee for Archaeology, set up in the late 1950s largely as a means of
overseeing the postgraduate degrees within archaeology. The Committee
was under the Faculty of Anthropology and Geography, unlike Classical
Archaeologywhichwas intheFacultyofLiterae Humaniores.Thisadminis-
trative structure and the buildings on Beaumont Street whichstill house the
InstitutewerewhatBarry inheritedin1972.
Unsurprisingly, for anyone who knows Barry, he devoted considerable
energy to the creation of an eYcient and modern infrastructure to
support excavation and the analysis of Wnds. First, a conservation lab was
created and equipped in the basement of the Institute and a drawing
oYce was established. Along with these improved facilities came a greatly
vi Editors’Foreword
expandedresearchprogramme.TheInstitutebecamethebaseforanumberof
long-termWeldprojects,manyofwhichwereBarry’sown,suchashisexcav-
ationsoftheRomanbathsatBathandtheIronAgehillfortatDanebury.The
buildingalsohousedalargernumberofresearchstudents,workingwithBarry
and others in the Institute. The range of topics pursued by this group is a
testamenttoBarry’sdesiretosupportpeopleinWeldsbeyondthoseinwhich
he was personally involved. Graduate teaching has in more recent years
diversiWedintoaseriesofseparate,butlinked,Masterscoursescharacterized
bymaximumXexibilityandminimalbureaucracy—hallmarksofBarry’sown
approachtoteaching—enablingeachstudenttotailorthecourseaccordingto
hisorherinterests.RangeandXexibilityalsocharacterizetheundergraduate
degree in Archaeology and Anthropology which was established in 1992, in
which students follow both archaeology and anthropology for the full
three years, which is unusual compared with such degrees elsewhere. The
Institute has now become the focus for the teaching of archaeology in
Oxford. Barry has also helped steer the Committee for Archaeology (which
has latterly become the School of Archaeology) through administrative and
institutional changes both within archaeology and in the University as a
whole,ensuringthattheneteVectofthesechangeshasbeentotakerelatively
disparate aspects of archaeology—classical, scientiWc, prehistoric, and
historical—andstrengthentheircommonalities.
Under Barry’s Directorship, the Institute also generated several major
publishing ventures. In 1982, in cooperation with Blackwells, the Oxford
Journal of Archaeology was set up and has over the past twenty-Wve years
become an international vehicle for publishing archaeology, both Classical
and non-Classical, from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages. The Oxford
University School of Archaeology Monograph series was set up in 1984
and has to date published sixty-Wve volumes of considerable scholarly
importance. It is Wtting that the team Barry brought together to make
the Institute such a productive place has also been involved in producing
this volume and we are very grateful to Lynda Smithson for her editorial
assistance, Alison (Floss) Wilkins for her work on the illustrations and Ian
Cartwright for ensuring the quality of the photographic images. Finally,
we owe a special debt of gratitude to Emma Durham for her vital role
in coordinating the editorial process and compiling the index. That they
have managed to keep their work on this volume hidden from Barry’s
watchfulgazeistrulyanachievement.
This volume reXects some—though by no means all—of the range of
connections and friendships Barry enjoys and is a token of the aVection
and esteem in which he is held by his friends and colleagues. All would
sayhowmuchtheyhavebeneWtedfromBarry’ssupport,sofreelygivenandso
Editors’Foreword vii
often exercised in unobtrusive ways. The success of British archaeology is of
course the result of the eVorts of countless individuals, both amateurs and
professionals.Itis,nevertheless,extraordinaryhowmanyofthemhavebeen,
and continue to be, inspired and encouraged by Barry CunliVe, as author,
teacher,excavator,andfriend.
ChrisGosden,HelenaHamerow,PhilipdeJersey,GaryLock
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Preface
Itisagreat privilege,honouranddelighttohavetheopportunity topreface
this collection of essays which celebrate the extraordinary contribution
that Professor Sir Barry CunliVe has made to archaeology. Not surprisingly,
it has proved a considerable challenge to the editors to commission a set of
contributions that adequately reXects the sheer quantity of Barry’s research,
never mind its chronological, spatial, and thematic range. Chronologically
Barry’s work is focused in the Wrst millennium bc and the Wrst millennium
ad, but with substantial contributions covering the second millennium
ad, notably through his work at Portchester Castle, Hampshire which
extends into the nineteenth century (1994). Spatially the range is western
European laced with the Mediterranean and reXected both in wide-ranging
syntheses and substantial Weldwork (Wg. 0.1). On the one hand there is
theEuropeanprehistorian,surveyingtheIronAge(e.g.IronAgeCommunities
in Britain, 1st edn 1974; 4th edn 2005) and the worlds of the Celts (e.g.
The Ancient Celts, 1997), and relations between the Roman and the
‘barbarian’world(e.g.Greeks,RomansandBarbarians;SpheresofInteraction,
1988), on the other the excavator with a spread of major projects Wrmly
focused in Wessex, but spreading around the Channel Islands and the
Atlantic shores of Brittany to the Iberian peninsula and Andalucia and
the Rioja. A major theme that pervades much of Barry’s work is his interest
in the relationships between the developed, urban Classical world of
theMediterraneanandthesocietiestothenorthandwest(e.g.TheGuadajoz
Project vol. 1, 1999). The sea, as expressed particularly by the connections
it facilitates from around the British Isles and south along the Atlantic
coastline to the Mediterranean, has been the signiWcant medium by
which those relations have been investigated in the quest to explain social
change in the British and wider European Iron Age (e.g. Facing the Ocean,
2001; The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek, 2001). Exploring
the tensions between indigenous factors, demographics for example,
and external drivers of change, such as the manipulation of scarce resources
andlongdistancetrade,hasbeenaconsistentthemeofhisresearch.
Born on the south coast of England at Portsmouth, a major naval base
with easy access to the Channel and the eastern Atlantic, it is not,
perhaps, surprising that the sea has been a major link between a signiWcant
numberofBarry’smajorexcavations,andthebackdropofmuchofhiswider
writing. First, and foremost, is the great Roman villa at Fishbourne at the
