Cambridge Ancient History: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC

886 Pages·1991·55.57 MB·English

by  John Boardman

T HE C A M B R I D GE
A N C I E NT H I S T O RY
SECOND EDITION
V O L U ME III
PART 2
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and
other States of the Near East, from the Eighth
to the Sixth Centuries B.C.
Edited by
JOHN BOARDMAN
F.B.A.
Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art, in the University of Oxford
I. E. S. EDWARDS
F.B.A.
Formerly Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities. The British Museum
N. G. L. HAMMOND
F.B.A.
Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Bristol
The Late E. SOLLBERGER
F.B.A.
Formerly Keeper of Western Asiatic Antiquities, The British Museum
With the assistance of C. B. F. WALKER
Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, The British Museum
g §§ CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 1991
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1991
Sixth printing 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Library of Congress catalogue card number: 68-18343
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
The Cambridge ancient history. - 2nd edn.
Vol.3
Pt. 2 The Assyrian and Babylonian empires and other states
of the Near East, from the eighth to the sixth centuries b.c.
1. World, ancient period
I. Boardman, John
930
Library of Congress catalogue card number: 75-85719
ISBN 0 521 22717 8 hardback
SE
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
C O N T E N TS
List of maps page xi
List of text-figures xii
Preface xv
P A R TI ASSYRIA A ND B A B Y L O N IA
21 Babylonia in the shadow of Assyria (747-626 B.C.) 1
by j. Charles H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor
A. BRINKMAN,
of Mesopotamian History in the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
I Background and general trends 1
11 Initial Assyrian involvement in Babylonia, 747-722 B.C. 23
in The Chaldaean struggle for independence, 721—689 B.C. 26
iv Babylon: destruction and rebirth, 689-669 B.C. 38
v Sibling monarchs: Shamash-shuma-ukin and Ashurbanipal,
669—653 B.C. 47
vi The Great Rebellion (652-648 B.C.) and its aftermath:
Ashurbanipal versus Shamash-shuma-ukin and his allies 5 3
vn Kandalanu and the decline of Assyrian power, 647-626 B.C. 60
vin Note on sources 63
ix Conclusion 68
22 Assyria: Tiglath-pileser III to Sargon II (744—705 B.C.) 71
by Professor in the University of Toronto
A. K. GRAYSON,
1 Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 B.C.) 71
II Shalmaneser V (726-722 B.C.) 85
in Sargon II (721-705 B.C.) 86
23 Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon (704—669 B.C.) 103
by A. K. GRAYSON
1 Sennacherib (704—681 B.C.) 103
11 Esarhaddon (680—669 B.C.) 122
24 Assyria 668-635 B.C: the reign of Ashurbanipal 142
by A. K. GRAYSON
v
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VI C O N T E N TS
25 The fall of Assyria (635-609 B.C.) 162
by Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge
JOAN OATES,
I Sources 163
11 Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu (635—627 B.C.) 166
in The years of conflict (627-623 B.C.) 172
iv Sin-sharra-ishkun (623-612 B.C.) 175
v Ashur-uballit and Carchemish: the final years (612-605 B.C.) 182
vi The Aramaeans 184
vii The archaeology 186
viii Assyria after the fall 189
26 Assyrian civilization 194
by A. K. GRAYSON
I The monarchy 194
II The bureaucracy 199
in Social structure 206
iv Law 210
v The economy 212
vi Warfare 217
VII The hunt 221
Religion 222
VIII
ix Libraries 227
27 Babylonia 605—5 39 B.C. 229
by D. j. WISEMAN, Emeritus Professor of Assyriology in the University
of London
I The defeat of Egypt 229
II Nebuchadrezzar's campaigns in the West 230
in The fall of Jerusalem 233
iv The rebuilding of Babylon 236
v Nebuchadrezzar's character 239
vi Internal rivalries 240
VII Nabonidus 243
28 The culture of Babylonia
280 Neo-Babylonian society and economy 252
by Member of the Oriental Institute of the
M. A. DANDAMAEV,
Academy of Sciences in Leningrad
1 The social structure of Neo-Babylonian society 252
The law 257
II
in The palace and the temples 261
iv Basic branches of the economy 264
v Compulsory and free labour 266
vi Trade 272
28^ Babylonian mathematics, astrology, and astronomy 276
by Professor of History of Science and Mathematics,
ASGER AABOE,
and Near Eastern Languages and Literatures in Yale University
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C O N T E N TS Vll
i Babylonian mathematics 276
11 Babylonian astronomy 277
in Celestial omen texts, astrology 279
iv Astronomical diaries and related texts 282
28c First-millennium Babylonian literature 293
by John A. Wilson Distinguished Service Professor of
ERICA REINER,
Assyriology in the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
1 Definition and tradition 293
11 Narrative poetry 300
in Other poetry 306
iv Prayers 309
v Wisdom literature 310
vi Secular poetry 312
vii Rituals 313
Medicine 316
VIII
ix Scholarly literature 318
x Omens 319
xi Hemerologies 320
PART II THE E A S T E RN M E D I T E R R A N E AN A ND
THE B L A CK SEA
29 Israel and Judah from the coming of Assyrian domination
until the fall of Samaria, and the struggle for independence
in Judah (c. 750—700 B.C.) 322
by T. c. MITCHELL, Formerly Keeper of Western Asiatic Antiquities,
The British Museum
1 Tiglath-pileser III and the Assyrian threat 322
11 The fall of Samaria 338
in Ahaz and Hezekiah 344
30 Judah until the fall of Jerusalem (c. 700—586 B.C.) 371
by T. C. MITCHELL
1 Hezekiah's later years 371
11 The reigns of Manasseh and Amon 373
in The reign of Josiah 383
iv The last kings of Judah 392
31 The Babylonian Exile and the restoration of the Jews in
Palestine (586—500 B.C.) 410
by T. C. MITCHELL
I Palestine during the Exile 410
II The Jewish Exile in Babylonia 418
in The beginning of the Jewish diaspora in Egypt 429
iv The restoration of the Jews in Palestine 430
v Aspects of Hebrew culture 440
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viii
C O N T E N TS
32 Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization 461
by the Late w. Formerly Reader in History at the
CULICAN,
University of Melbourne
1 Setting and history 461
II Archaeology, arts, and crafts 472
in Phoenicians in the West 48 5
3 3 Scythia and Thrace
33a The Scythians 547
by theLate and Lecturer in
T. SULIMIRSKI, T. TAYLOR,
Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford
1 Prolegomena 547
11 The Cimmerians 5 5 5
in The Scythians 560
33^ Thrace before the Persian entry into Europe 591
by President of the International Association of Greek
G. MIHAILOV,
and Latin Epigraphy
I Sources 591
II A geographical summary 591
in Migratory movements and the Cimmerian problem 595
iv The Thracian tribes 597
v Political history 607
vi Thracian society and civilization 608
34 Anatolia
34« The native kingdoms of Anatolia 619
by M. M ELL IN K, Professor of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology,
Bryn Matvr College
1 The Phrygian kingdom 622
11 The Lydian kingdom 643
in Lycia 655
iv Caria 662
34^» Anatolian languages 666
by o. Emeritus Professor of Greek Linguistics in the
MASS ON,
University of Paris X
1 The Phrygian language 666
11 The Lydian language 669
in The Lycian language 671
iv The Carian language 674
3 5 Egypt: the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasties 677
by Formerly Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities, The
T. G. H. JAMES,
British Museum
I The origins of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty 677
II Py's conquest and withdrawal 682
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C O N T E N TS IX
in Dynastic expansion and Asiatic adventure 689
iv Taharqa — the brief triumph and disaster 695
v The Theban principality 703
vi The rise of Psammetichus I 708
vii The Saite concern with Asia 714
vin The growth of Egyptian maritime policy 720
ix The Nubian campaign of Psammetichus II 726
x Domestic policies and internal affairs of the Saite kings 730
xi Art and culture during the Nubian and Saite dynasties 738
Chronological table 748
Note on the calendar 750
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations 751
A Assyria and Babylonia 755
1 General 7 5 5
11 Assyria 757
1 General history 757
2 Letters 758
3 Legal and administrative documents 759
4 Art and archaeology 760
5 Reigns of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon 761
6 Reigns of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon 764
7 Reign of Ashurbanipal 768
8 The fall of Assyria 769
9 Assyrian life 771
in Babylonia 776
1 Historical events, 747-626 B.C. 776
2 Historical events, 605-5 39 B.C. 7^8
3 Neo-Babylonian society and economy 795
4 Babylonian mathematics, astrology, and astronomy 799
5 First-millennium Babylonian literature 800
B Israel and Judah 805
C Phoenicia and the Phoenician colonies 819
I General 819
II Setting and history 819
in Archaeology, arts, and crafts 821
iv Colonial problems 824
v Carthage and North Africa 825
vi Sicily 826
vii Malta and Pantelleria 827
vin Sardinia 828
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X C O N T E N TS
ix The Spanish peninsula 829
x The Balearic Islands and the north-west Mediterranean coast 834
xi Morocco and the Atlantic coast 836
D Scythia and Thrace 837
1 Scythia 8 37
11 Thrace 846
E Anatolia 848
1 History and archaeology 848
11 Languages 854
1 Phrygian 854
2 Lydian 855
3 Lycian 856
4 Carian 858
F Egypt 859
Index 869
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
MAPS
1 Babylonia page z
2 Assyria and its neighbours 72
3 The Assyrian and Babylonian empires with neighbouring 104
kingdoms
4 Palestine 3 24
5 The Near East showing places outside Palestine with Jewish 412
settlements
6 Phoenicia 462
7 North Africa 492
8 Phoenician sites in Sicily 500
9 Phoenician sites on Malta and Gozo 502
10 Phoenician and Punic sites in Sardinia 506
11 Phoenician and Punic sites in Spain 514—15
12 Phoenician sites in Morocco 542
13 Scythia 548—9
14 Thrace 5 92—3
15 Anatolia 620
16 Nubia 678
XI
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TEXT-FIGURES
1 Kudurru of Ashur-nadin-shumi page 36
2 Shamash-shuma-ukin and Ashurbanipal, the appointed heirs,
shown on the sides of the stela of Esarhaddon from Zincirli 48
3 Plan of Calah (Nimrud) 84
4 Plan of the South-West Palace, Kouyunjik, Sennacherib's palace at
Nineveh 114
5 Reconstruction of the Akitu temple of the New Year's festival,
built by Sennacherib at Ashur 116
6 Plan of Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud 136
7 Royal stamp seal (one of many with similar device) from a bale
sent to Shalmaneser III at Nimrud 15 8
8 Plan of the Nabu temple at Nimrud 173
9 Plan of Nineveh 181
10 Late Assyrian stamp seals 188
11 Plan of Babylon in the time of Nebuchadrezzar II 237
12 Graph plotting A A as function of line number 289
13 Plan of Jerusalem 3 5 8
14 Series of bas-reliefs which decorated the walls of room XXXVI in
the Palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik, the citadel mound of
ancient Nineveh. The reliefs depict the siege and capture of the
city of Lachish by Sennacherib in 701 B.C. 362—4
15 Stone statuette from Amman 451
16 Bronze figurine of a woman from Tel Dan 45 3
17 Bronze lion from Arad 45 3
18 Stone 'incense spoons' and saucer, from Tell Beit Mirsim,
Megiddo and Shechem 45 5
19 Palestinian seals from the mid-eighth and seventh centuries B.C. 459
20 Types of Phoenician piriform jugs 480
21 The Baurat-Schiller gold crowns. Tenth century B.C.? 481
22 Glass face beads from Carthage and elsewhere 483
23 Painted ostrich eggs from Carthage 484
24 Inscribed gold medallion from Carthage 494
2 5 Engraved stelae from Logrosan, Magacela, and Torrejón del
Rubio 516
26 Stone capital from Cerro de las Vírgenes (Córdoba) 5 3 3
27 Terracotta figurine from Ibiza 539
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