Behavioral Intervention Research: Designing, Evaluating, and Implementing

524 Pages·012.809 MB·English

by  Laura N. Gitlin, PhD / Sara J. Czaja, PhD

Behavioral Intervention Research:
Designing, Evaluating, and
Implementing
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Laura N. Gitlin, PhD, i s a professor in the Department of Community Public Health in the School of
Nursing with joint appointments in the Department of Psychiatry and Division of Geriatrics and Ger-
ontology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University. She is the founding director of the Center for
Innovative Care in Aging at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing. The Center seeks to develop,
test, and implement novel services, programs, and models that advance and support the well-being of
diverse older adults, their families, and communities; enhance the yield of programs, policies, prac-
tices, and tools; and provide mentorship and research training in behavioral intervention research. Dr.
Gitlin has been involved in behavioral intervention research for close to 30 years. Throughout these
years, she has worked collaboratively with health and human service professionals and community
agencies to develop and test a wide range of behavioral interventions. Her programs of research are
multifold and include psychosocial, behavioral, and environmental approaches to address challenges
of aging including physical disability, depressive symptoms, neuropsychiatric behaviors, and family
caregiving. Dr. Gitlin is nationally and internationally recognized in these areas and a well-funded
researcher, having received continuous funding from federal agencies and private foundations to test
interventions. Some of these interventions have been translated for implementation in a variety of set-
tings including home care, adult day care, hospitals, and senior centers. She has published extensively
in peer-reviewed journals, and is a coauthor of a research text on quantitative and qualitative research
methodologies, a book on the environmental skill–building intervention for family caregivers, a book
on physical function in older adults, and a guide booklet for families challenged by behavioral symp-
toms common in persons with dementia.
She is a well-funded researcher, having received continuous research and training grants from
federal agencies and private foundations for close to 28 years. A theme throughout her research is
applying a social ecological perspective and a person-directed approach as well as collaborating with
community organizations and health professionals to maximize the relevance and impact of interven-
tion strategies. She is also involved in translating and implementing her team’s proven interventions
for delivery in different practice settings globally and in the United States.
Dr. Gitlin is a recipient of numerous awards including the 2009 Eastern Pennsylvania Geriatric
Society Charles Ewing Presidential Award for outstanding contribution to geriatric care; the 2010
United Way Champion Impact Award for Healthy Aging at Home; the 2010 National Institute of Senior
Centers Award with Center in the Park; the 2010 MetLife Award for translating the Skills Care Pro-
2
gram (a dementia caregiver intervention program) with Fox Rehabilitation (a home health agency);
the 2011 John Mackey Award for Excellence in Dementia Care from Johns Hopkins University; and the
2014 M. Powell Lawton Award from the Gerontological Society of America.
Sara J. Czaja , PhD , i s a Leonard M. Miller Professor of the Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, with
joint appointments in Psychology and Industrial Engineering at the University of Miami. She is also
the scientific director of the Center on Aging at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
and the director of the Center on Research and Education for Aging and Technology Enhancement
(CREATE). CREATE is funded by the National Institute on Aging and involves collaboration with the
Georgia Institute of Technology and Florida State University. The focus of CREATE is on older adults
and their interactions with technology systems in work, health care, and everyday living domains. A
particular emphasis is on how technology can be used as a mechanism for the delivery of interventions
to foster independence among older people.
Dr. Czaja has extensive experience in aging research and a long commitment to developing inter-
vention strategies to improve the quality of life for older adults and their families. She has been an
active researcher in this area for more than 25 years. Her specific areas of research include aging and
cognition; aging and health care informatics; family caregiving; older workers; training; and functional
assessment. She brings a unique focus to these issues with her combined background in engineering
and the behavioral sciences. She has broad experience with research methodologies in both laboratory
and field settings and with translational research. She has received extensive funding from the National
Institutes of Health as well as other federal agencies and foundations for her research. Dr. Czaja is very
well published in the field of aging, and has written numerous book chapters and scientific articles.
She has also collaborated with community organizations, health care providers, and with industry. She
recently coauthored a book with other members of the CREATE team concerning the design of tech-
nology systems for older adult populations, and a book on training older adults. She is a fellow of the
American Psychological Association, the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, and the Geronto-
logical Society of America. In addition, she is the current president of Division 20 (Adult Development
and Aging) of the American Psychological Association. She is also a member of the National Academy
of Science/National Research Council Board on Human Systems Integration.
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Behavioral Intervention Research:
Designing, Evaluating, and
Implementing
Laura N. Gitlin, PhD
Sara J. Czaja, PhD
With Contributors
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gitlin, Laura N., 1952- author. | Czaja, Sara J., author.
Behavioral intervention research : designing, evaluating, and implementing / Laura N. Gitlin and Sara J. Czaja.
New York : Springer Pub. Company, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
LCCN 2015034213 | ISBN 9780826126580
LCSH: Action research in public health—Methodology. | Behavior modification—Research. | Evidence based medicine—
Research. | Evidence based social work—Research.
LCC RA440.85 .G58 2016 | DDC 362.1072—dc23
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To Eduardo, Eric, Keith, and my family :
Como siempre. With love, gratitude, and honor—LNG
To my family, friends, and colleagues: Thank you for your continued support and
inspiration—SJC
To our collaborators who share our passion;
To our study participants who drive our mission to find better ways.
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CONTRIBUTORS
John Beilenson, MA, is Founder and President of Strategic Communications &
Planning (SCP), a socially responsible communications consultancy in Wayne,
Pennsylvania. Since 1987, he and his firm have worked with a wide range of foun-
dations, nonprofit organizations, academic innovators, and associations to help
them use communications to create social good. He is the author of 18 books,
including The Future Me: Authoring the Second Half of Your Life, an interactive
journal for people considering retirement and other transitions in later life.
Ronald W. Berkowsky, PhD, i s a Postdoctoral Associate in the Department of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Miami School of Medi-
cine. He earned his doctorate in Medical Sociology at the University of Alabama at
Birmingham in 2014. His research focuses primarily on older adults and their use
of technology with emphasis on the impacts of technology use on mental health and
well-being in old age. His research also examines the impacts of technology use on
work–life balance and stress in the U.S. working population.
Joseph J. G allo, MD, MPH, i s Director of the Mixed Methods Research Training Pro-
gram for the Health Sciences, a national program to develop the capacity to carry out
mixed methods health research. He was a member of the 2011 panel convened by the
Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) to provide best practices
for mixed methods research at the National Institutes of Health. He has published
on risk factors, the course and epidemiology of depression, the form of depression in
late life, health services research, comorbidity of depression and medical conditions,
primary health care and mental health, cognitive impairment, and mixed methods.
Philip D. Harvey, PhD, is a Leonard M. Miller Professor of Psychiatry and Director
of the Division of Psychology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
He has authored over 900 scientific papers and abstracts and over 60 book chapters,
edited six books, and written four books on topics of psychological assessment,
schizophrenia, and aging. He was designated by Thompson-Reuters as being in the
top 1% of researchers in citations in mental health research. Other awards include
vii
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viii Contributors
the Inaugural Schizophrenia International Research Society Clinical Scientist Dis-
tinguished Contributions award (2012), the 2014 Alexander Gralnick Schizophre-
nia Research award from the American Psychiatric Foundation, and the 2014 John
Blair Barnwell award from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Nancy A . H odgson, PhD, RN, FAAN , i s Assistant Professor at the Johns Hopkins
University School of Nursing and Associate Director of Implementation Science at
the Johns Hopkins University Center for Innovative Care in Aging. Her programs
of research include the examination of factors associated with health-related quality
of life in chronically ill older adults, the mechanism of action underlying nonphar-
macological interventions for alleviating symptom distress in frail elders, and the
translation and implementation of palliative models of care for older adults with
complex health care needs and their caregivers.
Daniel E. Jimenez, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, and member of the Center on Aging at the University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine. Dr. Jimenez has extensive experience in aging research,
and has dedicated his career to improving access and engagement in mental health
services among underserved populations. His research interests include geriatric
mental health services research, health promotion, multicultural mental health, and
mental illness prevention. He has combined these areas of research to design and
implement culturally appropriate and novel approaches to preventing mental illness
in racial/ethnic minority elderly.
Eric Jutkowitz i s currently a doctoral candidate in the Division of Health Policy and
Management in the University of Minnesota’s School of Public Health. His research
interests are in understanding the cost and value of care for older adults with demen-
tia and other chronic diseases. He has participated as a research analyst in numerous
grant-funded, cost-effectiveness studies conducted alongside nonpharmacological
clinical trials, and has many publications in this area. His methodological interests
include the economic evaluation of health technologies and decision analysis.
Su Yeon Lee, PhD, is associate research faculty at the Department of Mental Health
at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Lee is also Policy Analyst
at the Office for Research on Disparities and Global Mental Health at the National
Institute of Mental Health. Her primary research interests are mental health dis-
parities among Asian Americans, and the use of both quantitative and qualitative
methods in mental health services research. She received a Doctor of Philosophy
in Public Health at the Department of Mental Health at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health.
Bruce Leff, MD, i s Professor of Medicine, with joint appointments in the Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Johns Hopkins School of Nurs-
ing. His principal areas of research concern the development, evaluation, and dis-
semination of novel models of care for older adults, including Hospital at Home,
quality of care measurement and improvement for home-based medical care, and
the care of people with multiple chronic conditions. He cares for patients in acute,
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Contributors ix
ambulatory, and home settings. He is a member of the Board of Regents of the
American College of Physicians, and immediate past-president of the American
Academy of Home Care Medicine.
David L . L oewenstein, PhD, i s Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at
the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and a board-certified neuropsy-
chologist. He is the Director of Cognitive/Neuropsychological Laboratory and Psy-
chological Services, Wien Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders,
Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida. Dr. Loewenstein’s research is
in aging and cognition; normative age–related cognitive changes and implications
for assessments and treatments; and developing novel tests for assessment of early
Alzheimer’s disease, normal aging, and neurological and neuropsychiatric condi-
tions. He has also conducted extensive work on the relationship between cognitive
function and biomarkers of Alzheimer’s.
John A. Nyman, PhD, i s Professor of Health Economics in the University of
Minnesota’s School of Public Health. His research interests range from economic
evaluations of new health technologies to the theory of demand for health insur-
ance, and from long-term care policy analysis to the public health consequences of
gambling. He has published over 100 research studies in top scholarly journals and
has received almost 60 grants. The recipient of major awards for excellence in teach-
ing at Minnesota and in his previous position at the University of Iowa, Dr. Nyman
received his PhD in economics from the University of Wisconsin.
Marcia G. Ory, PhD, MPH, is Regents and Distinguished Professor, Department of
Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health (SPH)
at The Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas. Her primary
administrative role is serving as Associate Dean for Research (since February 2015).
She is also the Director of the SPH Program on Healthy Aging, chair of the Health
and Wellness Committee, and the academic partner for the Community Research
Center for Senior Health. She has been a principal investigator on multiple local,
state, and federally funded grants to implement and evaluate evidence-based behav-
ioral interventions for promoting healthy lifestyle changes in midlife and older ages.
Co-directing a new SPH initiative on health technology and patient empowerment,
she is working with an interdisciplinary cross-campus group to develop innovative
research projects across public health, medicine, engineering, and computer sci-
ences. In this vein, she has participated in the development and testing of several
health behavioral interventions, especially concerning cancer survivorship.
Jeanine M. Parisi, PhD, is an Associate Scientist in the Department of Mental Health,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and holds a research position
within the Center for Innovative Care in Aging, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing.
Her interests are concerned with the identification of lifestyle factors (e.g., activity
engagement, education, personality) that may serve as risk/protective mechanisms
on cognition in adulthood; and the determination of how interventions may be
designed, implemented, and improved in order to promote cognitive, physical, and
mental health across the life span.
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