Basics of Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Complex Intermetallics (Book Series on Complex Metallic Alloys)

408 Pages·2008·20.16 MB·English

by  Esther Belin-Ferre

Book Series on
Complex Metallic Alloys – Vol. 1
BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS
AND PHASE TRANSITIONS IN
COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Book Series on
Complex Metallic Alloys – Vol. 1
BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS
AND PHASE TRANSITIONS IN
COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
edited by
Esther Belin-Ferré

Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matiere et Rayonnement
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
World Scientific
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS
IN COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
Series on Complex Metallic Alloys — Vol. 1
Copyright © 2008 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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ISBN-13 978-981-279-058-3
ISBN-10 981-279-058-6
Printed in Singapore.
Benjamin - Basics of Thermodynamics.pmd 1 7/28/2008, 10:36 AM
FOREWORD
This volume assembles the texts of the lectures delivered at the first
Euro-School on Materials Science, organised in Ljubljana, Slovenia,
from 22 to 27 of May 2006 by the European Network of Excellence
Complex Metallic Alloys (CMA) under contract NMP3-CT-2005-
500145.
The central objective of the CMA Euro-School is to provide a
lecture-style background to students graduating in the field of materials
science, in particular in the physics of metals and metallurgy. Four
annual sessions of the CMA-Euro-School are foreseen, from which a
series of four books will be issued. It is my great pleasure to introduce
here the first volume in the series.
During the first session of the CMA Euro-School, emphasis was on
the basics of thermodynamics, phase transitions, crystallography and
electronic properties of complex metallic alloys. These subjects were
accounted for owing to two types of lectures. On the one hand, plenary
lectures referred to basic topics and on the other hand, shorter lectures
reported on tutorial topics. The book begins with a general introduction
to the field of CMAs. Each of the following chapters refers to a distinct
lecture: chapters 2 to 6 to basic lectures and chapters 7 to 13 to tutorial
lectures.
The European Commission is warmly acknowledged for financial
support. Special thanks go to all authors. They made editing this volume
possible.

Paris, April 2007

v
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CONTENTS
Foreword v

Chapter 1: An introduction to complex metallic alloys and to the
CMA network of excellence
Jean-Marie Dubois 1

Chapter 2: Thermodynamics and phase diagrams
Livio Battezzati 31

Chapter 3: Permanent magnets and microstructure
Paul McGuiness 51

Chapter 4: Solidification
Peter Gille 73

Chapter 5: Diffusive phase transformations
Yves Bréchet 99

Chapter 6: Diffusionless transformations
C. Duhamel, S. Venkataraman, S. Scudino J. Eckert 119

Chapter 7: Intermetallics: characteristics, problems and prospects
Gerhard Sauthoff 147

Chapter 8: An introduction to electronic structure methods
D. A. Papaconstantopoulos 189

Chapter 9: Crystallography of complex metallic alloys
Walter Steurer and Thomas Weber 219
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 10: Electronic properties of alloys
Östen Rapp 259

Chapter 11: Electron transport properties of complex metallic
alloys
Uichiro Mizutani 319

Chapter 12: Chemical bonding and crystallographic features
Yuri Grin 367

Chapter 13: Plasticity of complex metallic alloys
M. Feuerbacher 377
CHAPTER 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX METALLIC ALLOYS
AND TO THE CMA NETWORK OF EXCELLENCE
Jean-Marie Dubois
Institut Jean Lamour (FR 2797 CNRS-INPL-UHP), Nancy Université,
Ecole des Mines, Parc de Saurupt, Nancy, F-5404
E-mail: [email protected]
Now that new tools are available to solve the crystallographic structure
of complex compounds in metallic alloy systems, a vivid interest
manifests itself to discover new compounds in multi-constituent alloys.
Several are yet known to contain hundreds or more atoms per unit cell.
In the meantime, real efforts are made for better understanding of the
properties of these compounds and the mechanisms that underpin the
progressive loss of metallic character when the size of the unit cell
increases. This introductory chapter focuses at a few examples of this
atypical behavior of complex metallic alloys, including quasicrystals as
the ultimate state of structural complexity in a crystal made of metals.
Examples are transport properties, surface electronic structure, surface
energy, wetting and friction. All examples show the same trend,
namely apparent localization of electronic states, loss of conductivity,
opening of gaps, softening with no work hardening, etc. All phenomena
are reminiscent of what is observed in nanostructured metals, but
together with the increase of the size of the unit cell. This effect is
therefore coined “inverse nanostructuration” by the author who argues
that complex metallic alloys help us revisit ancient problems in metal
physics, while in parallel potential applications may be sorted out.
1. Introduction
This introductory chapter aims at a short overview of the crystallographic
peculiarities and physical properties of Complex Metallic Alloys (CMAs
hereafter). Most of the experimental data presented here was obtained
quite some time ago and has provided the basis that was used by K.
Urban, L. Schlapbach and the author to file an application within the 6th
1