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LAROUSSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF/
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This magnificent volume covers allthe variecv luCtts ot world
art during the ' dcrn era. Between the classical repose 3 00252 Olio
and precisi' or the painting of1800 and the explosive I I I I
turbulence ofart in the mid-twentieth century the break
seems complete. For this period of150 years has seen greater
and more violent changes in taste, outlook and way of
life than any other in history.John ConstableandJackson
—
Pollock, Ingres and Picasso the contrast could hardly be
more marked. Yet a strong thread runs through the period,
and in tracing this thread with all its ramifications this
book throws a fresh light on the art ofthe past as well as on
the startUng artistic developments ofour own day.
During the nineteenthcentury, scientific and technological
achievement began to gather momentum, and art, as always,
reflected this changing world. The scientific breakthrough
by men like Darwin and Pasteur was echoed by the
artistic breakthrough ofthe Impressionists. But with the
turn ofthe century came a new spirit ofexcitement and an
enthusiasm for a fresh approachto life. This surge forward
produced, in science, Einstein's theory ofrelativity and
Freud's introduction ofpsychoanalysis, and, in art, the
Fauvism ofMatisse and the CubismofPicasso.
So began the path whichhas led from Einstein to the age
ofnuclear energy. And the same stormy pathhas taken art
through Fauvism, Futurism, SurreaUsm, Abstract Expres-
sionism and "Pop" to the very latest experiments of
today's young artists.
But painting is not the only branch ofart to reflect our
rapidly changing environment. Architecture, sculpture,
design and the minor arts were alldeeply affected and all are
included in the scope ofthis book. Each essay in this
volume has been written by a leading authority. There
are also sertions which givein clear andconcise form a
summary ofthe facts about all the arts, and each chapter
begins with a penetrating article by René Huyghe discussing
the evolution ofartstyles and techniques over different
areas and periods in relation to one another and to
civilization as a whole. In addition, there is a comprehensive
index, so that any fact—artists, schools, styles, important
—
works ofart can easily be found. And welded to all
these elements are over 1,000 illustrations, 56 in fullcolour,
depicting the work ofall the great artists ofthe modem
era and making this volume one ofthe most important
books on art everpubUshed.
Splendidly written and meticulously documented, the
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Larousse Encyclopedia of Modern Art is an ^-vtoo \> uble
study ofthe most exciting periodin thehistory o'
Frontcover illustration: Picasso, Pierrot and Harlequi' n.
Mrs Gilbert W. Chapman Collection, New York
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Back cover illustration: seecolourplatep. 36 k
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French. Auguste Rodin (1840-1917). Head ofGrief. 1882. Musée Rodin, Paris. Photo: Michael Holford.
Frontispiece. French. Paul Cézanne (1839-1906). Self-portrait. 1880-1881. Loiwre. Photo: Michael Holford.
Endpapers. India. Le Corbusier (b. 1887). The Secretariat, Chandigarh (detail). 1952-1956.
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ART AND MANKIND
LAROUSSE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MODERN
ART
FROM TO THE PRESENT DAY
1800
RENE HUYGHE
General Editor
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Member ofthe Académie Française Honorary ChiefCurator ofthe Louvre
Professor in the Collège de France
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PROMETHEUS NEW YORK
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Englishtext|)repared byEmily Evershed, Dennis Gilbert, Hugh
Newbury,Ralphde Saram, Richard WaterhouseandKatherine Watson
fromtheFrenchoriginal
L'ART ET L'HOMME
X.
©
1961 Auge, Gillon, HoUier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie
(Librarie Larousse, Paris)
©
Thisedition 1965 PaulHamlyn Ltd, London
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber65-19759
PrintedinGreatBritainbyJarroldand SonsLtd, Norwich
CONTENTS
^ii<
12 INTRODUCTION Evelyn King
CLASSICISM AND THE
1
ROMANTIC MOVEMENT
16 ART FORMS AND SOCIETY RenéHuyghe
28 THE CLASSICIST REACTION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH
CENTURIES
Pierre Francastel
41 THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT MarcelBrion
59 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARY Lydie Huyghe,Evelyn King andEmilyEvershed
LATER EASTERN ART
2
THE MOSLEM WORLD
93 INTRODUCTION RenéHuyghe
93 I. FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN TO IRAN Gaston Wiet
97 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARY SophieEssad-Arseven andGisèlePolaillon-Kerven
99 II. PERSIAN ART AFTER 1200 Basil Gray
104 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARYJeannineAuhoyer
108 III. MOSLEM INDIAJeannineAuhoyer
111 fflSTORiCAL sviAMAViJeannineAuhoyer
112 IV. MOGUL INDIA Basil Gray
114 fflSTORiCAL suMMKVCiJeannine Auhoyer
THE FAR EAST
118 I. CHINA UNDER THE MINGS Madeleine Paul-David
121 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARYJeannineAuhoyer
125 II. JAPANESE ART IN THE MUROMACHI AND MOMOYAMA
PERIODS Madeleine Paul-David
128 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARY Madeleine Paul-David
130 m. CHINESE ART OF THE CH'ING PERIODMadeleine Paul-David
133 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARYJeannineAuhoyer
134 IV. THE TOKUGAWA PERIOD IN JAPAN MadeleinePaul-David ^
137 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARY MadeleinePaul-David
139 CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AND WESTJacques Wilhelm
REALISM AND IMPRESSIONISM
3
146 ART FORMS AND SOCIETY RenéHuyghe
159 THE REALIST MOVEMENT BernardDorival
177 IMPRESSIONISM AND SYMBOLISM MichelFlorisoone
197 fflSTORiCAL SUMMARY Lydie Huyghe,Evelyn KingandEmilyEvershed
4 ART IN THE 20TH CENTURY
243 ART FORMS AND SOCIETY RenéHuyghe
264 THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN ARTJean Cassoii
ART AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR
274 I. THE EXPLOITATION OF THE EARLIER DISCOVERIES BernardChamp{qneuUe
297 II. THE NEW DEPARTURES Frank Elgar
307 HISTORICALSUMMARYCécikGoUscheider,BernardChampigneulle,AgnèsHumbert, LydieHuyghe,
GisèlePolaillon-Kerven andEvelyn King
429 INDEX
CONTRIBUTORS
JEANNINE AUBOYER, CuratoroftheFrench national museums (Asiaticart,Musée Guimet)
MARCEL BRION, memberofthe Académie Française
JEAN CASSOU, ChiefCuratorofthe Musée Nationald'Art Moderne, Paris
BERNARD CHAMPIGNEULLE
MADELEINE PAUI^DAVTD, Deputy Curatoratthe Musée Cernuschi, Paris
BERNARD DORIVAL, CuratoroftheMuséedes Granges,Paris
FRANK ELGAR, Director ofthe Amisde l'Art etdesjeunessesArtistiques
MICHEL FLORISOONE, Curator ofthe French national museums, General Administrator of the
Mobilier National andofthe Manufactures Nationales de Tapisseries des Gobelins etde Beauvais
PIERRE FRANCASTEL, DirectorofStudies attheEcoledes Hautes Etudes
BASIL GRAY, KeeperofOrientalAntiquities, British Museum
GASTON WIET, member ofthe Institut de France, HonoraryProfessor in the Collège de France, late
Director ofthe Arab Museum in Cairo
JACQUES WILHELM, Curatorofthe Musée Carnavalet, Paris
The late Sophie Essad-Arseven, Emily Evershed, Cécile Goldscheider, Agnès Humbert, Lydie
Huyghe, Evelyn King and Gisèle Polaillon-Kerven wrote the Historical Summaries
