APPROACHES FOR ALLEVIATING TOXIC EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN IN LACTATING DAIRY ...

93 Pages·2010·0.21 MB·English

APPROACHES FOR ALLEVIATING TOXIC EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN IN
LACTATING DAIRY COWS AND WEANLING PIGS

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A Thesis presented to
the Faculty of the Graduate School
at the University of Missouri-Columbia

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In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science

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by
ROXANNE GELVEN
Dr. James N. Spain, Co-Thesis Supervisor
Dr. David R. Ledoux, Co-Thesis Supervisor
DECEMBER 2010
The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate
School, have examined the thesis entitled:

APPROACHES FOR ALLEVIATING TOXIC EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN IN
LACTATING DAIRY COWS AND WEANLING PIGS

presented by Roxanne Gelven

a candidate for Master of Science

and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of
acceptance.

_____________________________________
Dr. James Spain

_____________________________________
Dr. David Ledoux

_____________________________________
Dr. George Rottinghaus

_____________________________________
Dr. Mark Ellersieck
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere appreciation and
gratitude to my advisor, Dr. James Spain for his continuous
support, encouragement, direction, giving me knowledge
about dairy cattle production, and guidance throughout my
masters training.
I also wish to express my appreciation and deep
gratitude to my other advisor, Dr. David Ledoux for giving
me a job in his lab, knowledge about mycotoxins, vitamins
and minerals, and for guidance throughout the preparation
of this thesis. Without his guidance and constructive
comments this thesis could not have been completed.
I wish to express my appreciation and special thanks
to my graduate committee, Dr. George Rottinghaus for giving
me knowledge about mycotoxin preparation and analysis, and
Dr. Mark Ellersieck for statistical analysis guidance.
Without teaching and guidance from my graduate committee
this thesis could not have been completed.
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Special thanks are given to all of the students in Lab
112. It has been amazing working with all of you the past
4½ years. Thanks for all of the support and friendship you
have given me!
I especially would like to express gratitude to my
family and friends for all of their love and support for me
during my pursuit of a master of science degree.
Above all, I would like to thank my husband, Travis
Gelven, for his love, help, and patience and understanding
during my studies here at MU.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii
Chapter
1. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
Aflatoxin……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Aflatoxin and Dairy Cattle………………………………………………………………………5
Aflatoxin and Swine………………………………………………………………………………………10
Adsorbents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
Antioxidants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
2. EFFICACY OF SOLIS, NOVASILPLUS, AND MTB-100 TO REDUCE
AFLATOXIN M1 LEVELS IN MILK OF EARLY TO MID LACTATION
DAIRY COWS FED AFLATOXIN B1….……………………………………………………………………26
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Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….28
Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………………………30
Experimental Procedures………………………………………………………………….30
Analytical Procedures…….…………………………………………………………………33
Statistical Procedures………………………………………………………………………34
Results and Discussion……………………………………….……………………………………35
Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
CURCUMA LONGA
3. EFFICACY OF CURCUMINOIDS FROM TURMERIC ( )
POWDER IN REDUCING THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN B1
IN WEANLING PIGS….……………………………………………………………………………………………….44
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..44
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
Materials and Methods…….………………………………………………………………………48
Experimental Procedures……………………………………………………………………48
Analytical Procedures…………………………………………………………………………49
Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………………………51
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Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………54
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………59
4. GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………67
5. LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………………………………………………71
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Ingredient and nutrient composition of
lactating cow diet…………………………………………………………….………………….41

2.2 Effects of dietary treatments on milk production
and composition by dairy cows fed 112 µg of
AFB1/kg of Dry Matter Intake……………….…………………………………….42

2.3 Efficacy of adsorbents in reducing aflatoxin M1
(AFM1) residues in milk of dairy cows fed 112 µg
of AFB1/kg of Dry Matter Intake……………………………………………….43

3.1 Ingredient and nutrient composition of Phase 2
nursery diet (as-fed).…………………………………………………………………………61

3.2 Effects of AFB1 on growth performance and organ
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weights of weanling pigs.…………………………………………………………………62

3.3 Effects of AFB1 on blood serum chemistry of
weanling pigs…..……………………………………………………………………………………….63

3.4 Effects of AFB1 on hematology of weanling pigs…………….64

3.5 Effects of AFB1 on liver histopathology of
weanling pigs.…………………………………………………………………………………………….65

3.6 Effects of AFB1 on kidney histopathology of
weanling pigs.………………………………………………………………………………………………66

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CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction

Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by
molds. With respect to human and animal diseases there are
Aspergillus, Penicillium,
primarily three genera of fungi;
and Fusarium
that are of concern. Molds that produce
mycotoxins are extremely common and can grow on a wide
range of substrates under a wide range of environmental
conditions. The major classes of mycotoxins that pose the
greatest potential risk to human and animal health as food
and feed contaminants are aflatoxins, trichothecenes,
fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and the ergot
alkaloids.
Contamination with mycotoxins often begins in the
field and increases during harvest, drying, and storage
(Cast, 2003). Two primary factors influencing mycotoxin
production both pre-harvest and post-harvest are
temperature and moisture. The potential economic costs of
crop losses from mycotoxins in the United States are on

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