Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing

382 Pages·47.705 MB·English

by  Sikalidis C. (Ed.)

ADVANCES IN CERAMICS -
CHARACTERIZATION,
RAW MATERIALS,
PROCESSING, PROPERTIES,
DEGRADATION AND
HEALING

Edited by Costas Sikalidis
Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials,
Processing, Properties, Degradation and Healing
Edited by Costas Sikalidis

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2011 InTech
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First published July, 2011
Printed in Croatia

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Advances in Ceramics - Characterization, Raw Materials, Processing, Properties,
Degradation and Healing, Edited by Costas Sikalidis
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-504-4

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Topics in Characterization Techniques
and Evaluation of Advanced Ceramic Materials 1
Chapter 1 On the Use of Photothermal Techniques
as a Tool to Characterize Ceramic-Metal Materials 3
F. A. L. Machado, M. Filgueira,
R. T. Faria Jr. and H. Vargas
Chapter 2 Spectroscopic and Dielectric Characterization
of Plasma Sprayed Titanates 19
Pavel Ctibor and Josef Sedlacek
Chapter 3 Thermal Diffusivity of Ceramics
During Neutron Irradiation 39
Masafumi Akiyoshi, Hidetsugu Tsuchida and Toyohiko Yano
Chapter 4 Luminescence Properties of AlN Ceramics
and Its Potential Application for Solid State Dosimetry 59
Laima Trinkler and Baiba Berzina
Chapter 5 Non-Contact Measurements of the Apparent Density of
Green Ceramics with Complex Shape 83
G.M. Revel, E.P. Tomasini, G. Pandarese and A. Cavuto
Chapter 6 Practical Methods for Crack Length Measurement and
Fatigue Crack Initiation Detection Using
Ion-Sputtered Film and Crack Growth Characteristics
in Glass and Ceramics 103
Gang Deng and Tsutomu Nakanishi
Chapter 7 Evolution of Crystallographic Structures and Phases
in Micropyretically Formed Boron Rich Boron Carbide –
a New Material System 127
R.M. Mohanty, K. Balasubramanian and S.K. Seshadri
VI Contents

Chapter 8 Oxygen Isotope Exchange in Nanocrystal Oxides 139
Anatoly Fishman, Tatyana Kurennykh,
Vladimir Vykhodets and Evgeniya Vykhodets
Chapter 9 Lead Free BNBT Type Ceramics:
A Useful Material for Sensors
and Ultrasound Applications 165
E. Suaste Gómez and J. J. A. Flores Cuautle
Part 2 Topics in Characterization and Mechanical Properties
of Conventional and Advanced Ceramic Materials 181
Chapter 10 Characterization of the Firing Steps
and Phases Formed in Mg-Zr-Containing
Refractory Dolomitic Materials 183
Araceli Lavat, María Cristina Grasselli
and Eugenia Giuliodori Lovecchio
Chapter 11 Characterization of Clay Ceramics
Based on the Recycling of Industrial Residues
– On the Use of Photothermal Techniques
to Determine Ceramic Thermal Properties
and Gas Emissions during the Clay Firing Process 205
Faria Jr. R. T., Souza V. P., Vieira C. M. F., Toledo R.,
Monteiro S. N., Holanda J. N. F. and Vargas H.
Chapter 12 Mechanical Properties
of Kaolin-Base Ceramics During Firing 229
Igor Štubňa, Anton Trník,
František Chmelík and Libor Vozár
Chapter 13 Mechanical Properties of New Ceramic Materials
Obtained from Granular Solid Residuals
Coming from Mines and Diatomaceous Earth 245
Jaime Vite-Torres, María del Carmen Carreño de León,
Manuel Vite-Torres and Juan Rodrigo Laguna-Camacho
Chapter 14 Strength of a New All-Ceramic Restorative Material
“Turkom-Cera” Compared to Two Other Alumina-Based
All-Ceramic Systems 259
Bandar M. A. AL-Makramani, Abdul A. A. Razak
and Mohamed I. Abu-Hassan
Chapter 15 Physical and Metallurgical Characteristics
of Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites 281
Zdeněk Jonšta, Evelyn A. Bolaňos C.,
Monika Hrabalová and Petr Jonšta
Contents VII

Part 3 Topics in Degradation, Aging and Healing
of Ceramic Materials 299
Chapter 16 Considerations about Degradation of the Red Ceramic
Material Manufactured with Granite Waste 301
Xavier Gustavo de Castro, Saboya Fernando,
Maia Paulo Cesar de Almeida and Alexandre Jonas
Chapter 17 Behavior of Aging, Micro-Void, and Self-Healing
of Glass/Ceramic Materials and Its Effect
on Mechanical Properties 327
Wenning Liu, Xin Sun and Moe Khaleel
Chapter 18 Crack-Healing Ability of Structural Ceramics and
Methodology to Guarantee the Reliability
of Ceramic Components 351
Koji Takahashi, Kotoji Ando and Wataru Nakao

Preface

Materials’ Characterization refers to the use of external techniques aiming to better
understand the structure, composition and properties of materials. In order to
characterize a material what is usually needed is to determine its chemical, structural
(mineralogical) and technological characteristics (determine the properties connected
to the use). Characterization can take the form of actual materials testing, or analysis.
Many techniques are applied today among which are: scanning and transmission elec-
tron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM); focused ion beam (FIB); secondary ion mass
spectrometry (SIMS), and Rutherford backscattering (RBS), X-ray diffraction, reflectiv-
ity and fluorescence (XRD, XRR, XRF) including high-temperature analysis; Auger
electron spectroscopy (AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force
microscopy, (AFM), Optical spectroscopy (Raman, Photoluminescence, FTIR, ellip-
sometry, etc.), thermal analysis (TG-DTA, DSC, etc); In addition, a great number of
technological tests has been standardised to determine properties relevant to the ap-
plication of each material. Furthermore, specific techniques have been developed to
determine special characteristics pertinent to each material.
Some of today’s most interesting research topics in materials’ characterization and
evaluation, included in this volume, are: the use of the non-destructive laser-induced
photothermal techniques that are based on the detection of periodic thermal waves
generated due to a non-radiative de-excitation, to characterize ceramic-metal
materials; the use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy and near-field microwave
microscopy and dielectric measurements to characterize and evaluate plasma sprayed
titanates; the measurement of positron annihilation lifetime on heavily neutron irradi-
ated ceramics to clarify changes due to neutron irradiation in thermal diffusivity one
of the most important factors for a nuclear plant efficiency; the use of
photoluminescence, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence
methods to study of Aluminum nitride and its potential application for solid state do-
simetry; the use of a newly developed non-contact method based on ultrasonic wave
propagation within the material in order to measure and control the green density
(which affect the shrinkage, the sintering and the mechanical properties of green and
fired ceramic product) of ceramics with complex shape; the use of a newly developed
method based on the application of an ion-sputtered film on a surface in order to
detect fatigue crack initiation and evaluate crack growth characteristics in ceramics
X Preface

and glasses; the investigation of the existence of a polytypic multi-structured boron
carbide with varying B/C ratio, chemically formed through a single step solid step
process using XRD, XRF and SEM techniques in order to establish the products; the
investigation of oxygen isotope exchange between oxygen-containing gases 18О2 and
С18О2 and oxides examining the isotope exchange not in bulk samples but in
nanoscale oxides by employing secondary ion mass spectrometry and nuclear
microanalysis; the evaluation of the perovskite structure lead free BNBT type ceramics
for sensors and ultrasonic applications by applying SEM and XRD techniques as well
as dielectric, pyroelectric, thermal and ultrasonic measuring techniques.
The evaluation and use of local raw materials through development of new composi-
tions for ceramics with conventional applications is of vast importance since it en-
forces local economies and reduces local unemployment. Raw materials and ceramic
production processes, through the modification of the microstructure characteristics,
directly affect all the properties of ceramics and hence the mechanical properties as
compressive, tensile and shear strength, fracture toughness and ductility, hardness
and abrasion resistance and elasticity/plasticity. Mechanical properties are important
in structural and building ceramics, and are under consideration in development in
almost all the categories of ceramic products.
Some of today’s highly interesting research topics in raw materials, processes and
mechanical and other properties of conventional and advanced ceramic materials,
included in this volume, are: The evaluation of local raw materials for the production
of MgO-CaZrO3 refractories for the cement industry by investigating the firing steps
and the phases formed during firing by employing XRF, particle size analysis, BET,
FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX techniques; the utilization of wastes and residues from steel
and sanitary ware industry, as raw materials for clay based ceramics and the determination
of chemical and mineralogical characteristics as well as their thermal properties using
phothermal techniques and the gas emissions during firing; the study of modulus of rupture
and Young’s modulus of kaolin based ceramics in connection to their firing schedule;
the mechanical properties of new ceramic materials obtained from granular solid re-
siduals coming from mines and diatomaceous earth; the comparative study of the
effect of special dental ceramic materials and margin design on the occlusal fracture
resistance; the mechanical and other properties of advanced fiber reinforces ceramic
matrix composites and the affection of the preparation techniques.
Materials in general, can be categorized as Metals, Organics (Plastics), Ceramics and
Composites. Materials might be degraded by chemicals, heat, moisture, radiation,
enzymatic action, mechanical wear, fatigue, creep, age etc. The environmental action,
which is a combination of several of the aforementioned parameters, degrades,
however to a different extent, all types of materials. Ceramics are generally considered
more stable materials than others. The changes on the properties of materials with
time due to interaction with air, moisture, environmental hazards etc., are often
lumped together under the label "aging". The mechanisms of degradation and aging,