Accelerated C# 2010

645 Pages·2010·3.627 MB·English

by  Trey Nash

Accelerated C# 2010

■ ■ ■

Trey Nash
Accelerated C# 2010
Copyright © 2010 by Trey Nash
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ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-2537-9
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-2538-6
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President and Publisher: Paul Manning
Lead Editor: Jonathan Hassell
Technical Reviewer: Damien Foggon
Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell,
Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Duncan Parkes,
Jeffrey Pepper, Frank Pohlmann, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft,
Matt Wade, Tom Welsh
Coordinating Editor: Mary Tobin
Copy Editors: Katie Stence and Nancy Sixsmith
Compositor: Bob Cooper
Indexer: Julie Grady
Artist: April Milne
Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko
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Contents at a Glance
Contents...................................................................................................................vii
About the Author.....................................................................................................xxi
About the Technical Reviewer................................................................................xxii
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xxiii
Preface...................................................................................................................xxiv
■Chapter 1: C# Preview.............................................................................................1
■Chapter 2: C# and the CLR.....................................................................................10
■Chapter 3: C# Syntax Overview..............................................................................17
■Chapter 4: Classes, Structs, and Objects...............................................................43
■ Chapter 5: Interfaces and Contracts...................................................................137
■Chapter 6: Overloading Operators........................................................................165
■Chapter 7: Exception Handling and Exception Safety..........................................181
■Chapter 8: Working with Strings.........................................................................215
■Chapter 9: Arrays, Collection Types, and Iterators..............................................243
■Chapter 10: Delegates, Anonymous Functions, and Events.................................279
■Chapter 11: Generics...........................................................................................307
■Chapter 12: Threading in C#................................................................................361
■Chapter 13: In Search of C# Canonical Forms.....................................................429
■Chaper 14: Extension Methods............................................................................489
■Chaper 15: Lambda Expressions.........................................................................517
■Chaper 16: LINQ: Language Integrated Query......................................................543
v
■Chaper 17: Dynamic Types..................................................................................577
Index.......................................................................................................................609

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■ CONTENTS
Contents
Contents at a Glance ..................................................................................................v
Contents...................................................................................................................vii
About the Author.....................................................................................................xxi
About the Technical Reviewer................................................................................xxii
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xxiii
Preface...................................................................................................................xxiv
■Chapter 1: C# Preview.............................................................................................1
Differences Between C# and C++.....................................................................................1
C#..............................................................................................................................................................1
C++...........................................................................................................................................................2
CLR Garbage Collection.............................................................................................................................3
Example of a C# Program...................................................................................................3
Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0...............................................................................5
Overview of Features Added in C# 3.0...............................................................................6
Overview of New C# 4.0 Features......................................................................................7
Summary............................................................................................................................7
■Chapter 2: C# and the CLR.....................................................................................10
The JIT Compiler in the CLR.............................................................................................10
Assemblies and the Assembly Loader.............................................................................11
Minimizing the Working Set of the Application.......................................................................................12
Naming Assemblies................................................................................................................................12
Loading Assemblies................................................................................................................................13
Metadata..........................................................................................................................13
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■ CONTENTS
Cross-Language Compatibility.........................................................................................15
Summary..........................................................................................................................15
■Chapter 3: C# Syntax Overview..............................................................................17
C# Is a Strongly Typed Language.....................................................................................17
Expressions......................................................................................................................18
Statements and Expressions............................................................................................20
Types and Variables.........................................................................................................21
Value Types.............................................................................................................................................23
Enumerations.....................................................................................................................................24
Flags Enumerations...........................................................................................................................25
Reference Types.....................................................................................................................................26
Default Variable Initialization..................................................................................................................27
Implicitly Typed Local Variables..............................................................................................................28
Type Conversion......................................................................................................................................30
Array Covariance................................................................................................................................31
Boxing Conversion.............................................................................................................................31
as and is Operators.................................................................................................................................32
Generics..................................................................................................................................................34
Namespaces....................................................................................................................35
Defining Namespaces.............................................................................................................................36
Using Namespaces.................................................................................................................................37
Control Flow.....................................................................................................................39
if-else, while, do-while, and for..............................................................................................................39
switch.....................................................................................................................................................39
foreach....................................................................................................................................................40
break, continue, goto, return, and throw................................................................................................41
Summary..........................................................................................................................41
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■ CONTENTS
■Chapter 4: Classes, Structs, and Objects...............................................................43
Class Definitions..............................................................................................................45
Fields.......................................................................................................................................................46
Constructors............................................................................................................................................49
Methods..................................................................................................................................................49
Static Methods...................................................................................................................................50
Instance Methods...............................................................................................................................50
Properties................................................................................................................................................51
Declaring Properties..........................................................................................................................51
Accessors...........................................................................................................................................53
Read-Only and Write-Only Properties................................................................................................53
Auto-Implemented Properties............................................................................................................54
Encapsulation..........................................................................................................................................56
Accessibility............................................................................................................................................59
Interfaces................................................................................................................................................61
Inheritance..............................................................................................................................................62
Accessibility of Members...................................................................................................................63
Implicit Conversion and a Taste of Polymorphism.............................................................................63
Member Hiding..................................................................................................................................65
The base Keyword.............................................................................................................................68
sealed Classes........................................................................................................................................69
abstract Classes......................................................................................................................................70
Nested Classes........................................................................................................................................71
Indexers..................................................................................................................................................74
partial Classes.........................................................................................................................................76
partial Methods.......................................................................................................................................77
Static Classes..........................................................................................................................................79
Reserved Member Names.......................................................................................................................81
Reserved Names for Properties.........................................................................................................81
Reserved Names for Indexers............................................................................................................81
Reserved Names for Destructors.......................................................................................................82
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Reserved Names for Events...............................................................................................................82
Value Type Definitions......................................................................................................82
Constructors............................................................................................................................................82
The Meaning of this................................................................................................................................85
Finalizers.................................................................................................................................................87
Interfaces................................................................................................................................................87
Anonymous Types............................................................................................................88
Object Initializers.............................................................................................................91
Boxing and Unboxing.......................................................................................................94
When Boxing Occurs...............................................................................................................................98
Efficiency and Confusion.......................................................................................................................100
System.Object................................................................................................................101
Equality and What It Means..................................................................................................................103
The IComparable Interface....................................................................................................................103
Creating Objects.............................................................................................................103
The new Keyword.................................................................................................................................103
Using new with Value Types............................................................................................................103
Using new with Class Types............................................................................................................103
Field Initialization..................................................................................................................................104
Static (Class) Constructors....................................................................................................................106
Instance Constructor and Creation Ordering.........................................................................................109
Destroying Objects.........................................................................................................113
Finalizers...............................................................................................................................................113
Deterministic Destruction.....................................................................................................................115
Exception Handling...............................................................................................................................115
Disposable Objects.........................................................................................................116
The IDisposable Interface......................................................................................................................116
The using Keyword...............................................................................................................................118
Method Parameter Types...............................................................................................119
Value Arguments...................................................................................................................................120
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ref Arguments.......................................................................................................................................120
out Parameters.....................................................................................................................................122
param Arrays........................................................................................................................................123
Method Overloading..............................................................................................................................123
Optional Arguments..............................................................................................................................124
Named Arguments................................................................................................................................125
Inheritance and Virtual Methods....................................................................................128
Virtual and Abstract Methods................................................................................................................129
override and new Methods...................................................................................................................129
sealed Methods.....................................................................................................................................131
A Final Few Words on C# Virtual Methods............................................................................................132
Inheritance, Containment, and Delegation.....................................................................132
Choosing Between Interface and Class Inheritance..............................................................................132
Delegation and Composition vs. Inheritance.........................................................................................134
Summary........................................................................................................................136
■Chapter 5: Interfaces and Contracts....................................................................137
Interfaces Define Types.................................................................................................138
Defining Interfaces.........................................................................................................139
What Can Be in an Interface?................................................................................................................139
Interface Inheritance and Member Hiding............................................................................................140
Implementing Interfaces................................................................................................143
Implicit Interface Implementation.........................................................................................................143
Explicit Interface Implementation.........................................................................................................143
Overriding Interface Implementations in Derived Classes....................................................................145
Beware of Side Effects of Value Types Implementing Interfaces.........................................................150
Interface Member Matching Rules.................................................................................150
Explicit Interface Implementation with Value Types......................................................154
Versioning Considerations.............................................................................................156
Contracts........................................................................................................................157
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