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Title: A History of the British Army, Vol. 1
First Part—to The Close of The Seven Years' War
Author: J. W. Fortescue
Release Date: November 14, 2017 [EBook #55968]
Language: English
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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes themselves have been placed at the end
of the book.
This volume covers the period up to 1713 when the Julian calendar was still in use in England. The
change to the Gregorian calendar took place in Europe beginning in 1582, though much later in
Protestant regions, and not in Britain until 1752. This produced a difference of eleven days in
contemporary documents and books using the Julian Old Style (OS) and those using the modern
Gregorian New Style (NS) dates.
The author follows the convention of using the dates as recorded at the time of the event, so that events
in England, Scotland and Ireland are noted in the text and Sidenotes in Julian OS, and events in
(Catholic) Europe after 1582 are noted in NS. When a specific day is noted for an event in Europe the
corresponding Sidenote will with few exceptions give both dates in the format OS/NS.
Some minor changes are noted at the end of the book.
Original cover
A
HI STORY OF THE BRI TI SH ARMY
A History of
The British Army
BY
The Hon. J. W. FORTESCUE
FIRST PART—TO THE CLOSE OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR
VOL. I
Quæ caret ora cruore nostro
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1899
All rights reserved
[Pg v]
P R E F A C E
The civilian who attempts to write a military history is of necessity guilty of an act of presumption; and I am not
blind to my own temerity in venturing to grapple with such a task as the History of the British Army. But England
has waited long for a soldier to do the work; and so far no sign has been given of the willingness of any officer to
undertake it beyond the publication, a few years since, of Colonel Walton's History of the British Standing
Army from 1660 to 1700. Nor is this altogether surprising, for the leisure of officers is limited, the subject is a
large one, and the number of those who have already toiled in the field and left the fruit of their labour to others
is sadly small. A civilian may therefore, I hope, be pardoned for trying at any rate to make some beginning,
however conscious of his own shortcomings and of the inevitable disadvantage from which he suffers through
inexperience of military life in peace and, still more fatally, in war. His efforts may at least stimulate some one
better qualified than himself to treat the subject in a manner better befitting its dignity and its worth.
My design is to write the history of the Army down to the year 1870, the two present volumes carrying the
story down to the Peace of Paris in 1763, and two future volumes bringing it forward to the great reforms which
virtually closed the life of our old Army and opened that of a new. It would have been easy to have filled a score
of volumes with matters germane to the subject and of genuine interest to at least some groups of military
students; nor would such treatment have been foreign to the methods of one school of British historians. There is
indeed much to be said for it from the writer's standpoint, for it simplifies his task beyond belief. To me,
however, rightly or wrongly, it seemed better to gather the story if possible into a smaller compass, even at the
cost of omitting many instructive statistics and picturesque details. Accordingly I have compressed the six
hundred years of our military history from Hastings to Naseby into one-third that number of pages, endeavouring
only to set down such points and incidents as were essential to a coherent sketch of the growth of our military
system. Even after Naseby and up to the reign of Queen Anne I have dealt with the history in a like arbitrary
spirit, thus passing over, not I confess without regret, the Irish campaigns of Cromwell and King William, though
entering with some detail into that of Schomberg. All could not be written down, as any one can bear me
witness who has attempted to go below the surface of the Great Civil War alone. The reader must decide
whether I have judged well or ill in that which I have left unwritten.
I must plead guilty also to deliberate omission of sundry small details which are rather of antiquarian than of
true military interest, minute particulars of dress, armament and equipment and the like, the real place for which
is rather in a military dictionary than in a military history. These I have sacrificed, not because I felt them to be
trivial, but because I thought that the space which they demanded would be more profitably occupied by a
sketch of the political relations between the Army and the country. I cannot, however, claim completeness for
this sketch: and I am conscious that many questions of great constitutional importance are left unresolved, as I
must frankly acknowledge, through my inability to cope with them. I have sought our acknowledged authorities
on constitutional questions in vain; not one is of help. I confess that I have been amazed when reading our
innumerable political histories to see how unconcernedly Army, Navy, and the whole question of National
Defence are left out of account.
It is this, the political not less than the military aspect of the Army's history that I have endeavoured,
however slightly and however unsuccessfully, to elucidate, at the sacrifice sometimes of purely military matters;
and it is this which makes the subject so vast as to be almost unmanageable. The difficulties of tracing military
operations are frequently trying enough, but they are insignificant compared to those presented by the civil
administration of the Army, and by the intolerable complication of the finance. Here again the reader must judge
whether or not I have chosen aright; and I would ask him only not to attribute to neglect omissions which have
been made after mature deliberation.
My authorities from the reign of Queen Anne onward, and occasionally before, are quoted at the foot of
the page; but in the earlier portion of the first volume I have been content to group them in a brief note at the
close of each chapter or section;[1] and I have followed the same plan with some modification throughout. I
must, however, mention that these notes rarely comprise the whole of the authorities that I have consulted, much
less all that lie open to consultation. It would be a simple matter, for instance, to cover a page with works
consulted on the subject of the Civil War alone; but while I have, as I trust, taken pains to make my work
thorough, I have been content frequently to refer the reader to such authorities as will guide him to further
sources of information, should he desire to pursue them. I have spared no pains to glean all that may be gleaned
from the original papers preserved at the Record Office in reference to the military administration and to the
various campaigns, and I have waded through many thousands of old newspapers, with and without profit.
What unknown treasures I may have overlooked among the archives preserved by individual regiments, I know
not, since with an army so widely dispersed as our own it seemed to me hopeless to attempt to search for them;
but such regimental histories as exist in print I have been careful to study, sometimes with advantage but not
always with profound respect for their accuracy.
Maps and plans have been a matter of extreme difficulty, owing to the inaccuracy of the old surveys and
the disappearance of such fugitive features as marsh and forest. I have followed contemporary plans wherever I
could in fixing the dispositions of troops, but in many cases I should have preferred to have presented the reader
with a map of the ground only, and left him to fill in the troops for himself from the description in the text. Blocks
[vi]
[vii]
[viii]
[ix]
of red and blue are pleasing indeed to the eye, but it is always a question whether their facility for misleading
does not exceed their utility for guidance. Actual visits to many of the battlefields of the Low Countries, with the
maps of so recent a writer as Coxe in my hand, did not encourage me in my belief in the system, although, in
deference to the vast majority of my advisers I have pursued it.
It remains to say a few words on some minor matters, and first as to the question of choosing between Old
Style and New Style in the matter of dates. Herein Lord Stanhope's rule seemed to be a good one, namely to
use the Old Style in recording events that occurred in England, and the New for events abroad. But I have
supplemented it by giving both styles in the margin against the dates of events abroad; lest the reader, with some
other account in his mind, should (like the editor of Marlborough's Despatches) be bewildered by the arrival in
England of news of an action some days before it appears to have been fought in the Low Countries. One
difficulty I have found insuperable, which is to discover when the New Style was accepted in India; but finding
that the dates given by French writers differ by eleven days from those of Orme I have been driven to the
conclusion that the Old Style endured at any rate until 1753, and have written down the dates accordingly.
Another difficulty, more formidable than might be imagined, has been the choice of orthography for names
of places abroad. Before the war of 1870 the French form might have been selected without hesitation; but with
the rise of the German Empire, the decay of French influence in Europe and the ever increasing importance of
German writings in every branch of literature, science and art, this rule no longer holds good. Finding
consistency absolutely impossible, I have endeavoured to choose the form most familiar to English readers, and
least likely to call down upon me the charge of pedantry. Even so, however, the choice has not been easy. Take
for instance the three ecclesiastical electorates of the Empire. Shall they be Mainz, Köln and Trier, or Mayence,
Cologne and Trèves? The form Cologne is decided for us by the influence of Jean Maria Farina; Trèves is, I
think, for the present better known than Trier; but Mainz, a large station familiar to thousands of British
travellers, seemed to me preferable to the French corruption Mayence, as reminding the reader of its situation
on the Main. For German names of minor importance I have taken the German form, since, their French dress
being equally unfamiliar to English readers, there seemed to be no reason why they should not be written down
correctly; but the French form is adopted so exclusively in contemporary histories that possibly not a few
instances of it may have escaped my vigilance. In Flanders again it is frequently necessary to choose between
the French and the Flemish spelling of a name; and, where it has been possible without pedantry, I have
preferred the Flemish as nearer akin to the English. Thus I have always written Overkirk rather than
Auverquerque, Dunkirk rather than Dunquerque, Steenkirk rather than Estinquerque (the form preferred for
some reason by Colonel Clifford Walton), since the French forms are obviously only corruptions of honest
Flemish which is very nearly honest English. Actual English corruptions I have employed without scruple, though
here again consistency is impossible. It is justifiable to write Leghorn for Livorno; but The Groyne, a familiar
form at the beginning of this century, is no longer legitimate for Corunna, any more than The Buss for Bois-le-
duc (Hertogenbosch) or Hollock for Hohenlohe. Then there is the eternal stumbling-block of spelling Indian
names. Here I have not hesitated to follow the old orthography which is still preserved in the colours of our
regiments. Ugly and base though the corruptions may be they are at any rate familiar, and that is sufficient; while
they probably convey at least as good an idea of the actual pronunciation as the new forms introduced by Sir
William Hunter. Here once more it would be confusing to write Ally for Ali or Caubool for Cabul, though
possibly less so than to confront the reader with Machhlípatan or Machlípatan (two forms used indifferently by
Colonel Malleson) for Masulipatam, and Maisur for Mysore. We are an arbitrary nation in such matters and
very far from consistent. Even in such simple things as the names of West Indian Islands we have dropped the
old form Martinico in favour of Martinique, though we still affect Dominica in lieu of Dominique. All that a writer
can do is to study the prejudices of his readers without attempt either to justify or to offend them.
Lastly, I must give the reader warning that I have spoken of our regiments throughout by the old numbers
instead of by their territorial titles. As I do not propose to carry the history beyond 1870 I may plead so much
technically in justification; but apart from that I would advance with all humility that life is short, and that it is too
much to ask a man to set down such a legend as "The First Battalion of the York and Lancaster Regiment" (in
itself probably only an ephemeral title), when he can convey the same idea at least as intelligibly by writing the
words Sixty-fifth. I have also called regiments by their modern appellations (so far as the numbers may be
reckoned modern) throughout, ignoring the anachronism of denominating what were really regiments of Horse
by the term Dragoon Guards, for the sake of brevity and convenience. An Appendix gives the present
designation of each regiment against its old number, so that the reader may find no difficulty in identifying it. I
may add that I have written the numbers of regiments at full length in the text in all cases where such regiments
have survived up to the present day, so that the reader need be in no doubt as to their identity; and I have
carefully avoided the designation of disbanded regiments by the numbers which they once bore, in order to
avoid confusion.
In conclusion, I have to express my deepest thanks to Mr. G. K. Fortescue at the British Museum and to
Mr. Hubert Hall at the Record Office for their unwearied and inexhaustible courtesy in disinterring every book
or document which could be of service to me.
J. W. F.
June, 1899.
[x]
[xi]
[xii]
[xiii]
[xiv]
[xv]
C O N T E N T S
BOOK I
CHAPTER I
PAGE
The true Starting-Point for a History of the Army
1
The Primitive Army of the English
5
Its Distinctive Peculiarity
6
Battle of Hastings
6
The English at Durazzo
7
The Introduction and Insufficiency of Knight-Service
8
Persistence of the old English Tactics; Battle of Tenchbrai
9
Battles of Brenville, Beaumont and the Standard
10
Blending of Offensive and Defensive Arms of Infantry
11
Rise of the Cavalry; the Tournament
11
Henry II.'s Military Policy
11
The Assize of Arms
12
Richard I. and the Crusades
13
Introduction of the Cross and of the Military Band
14
Decay of the Feudal Force and its Causes
14
The Great Charter and its Results
15
Reforms of Edward I.; Commissions of Array; Statute of Winchester
16
Battle of Falkirk
17
Battle of Bannockburn
18
Revival of old English Tactics at Halidon Hill
19
CHAPTER II
The System of Hiring Troops by Indent
22
Chivalry; the Men-at-Arms
23
Horses
25
Retinue of the Knight
26
Administrative Organisation and Tactical Formation of Men-at-Arms
26
Pauncenars and Hobelars
27
Welsh Spearmen; English Archers
28
General Organisation of the Army; Pay; Corrupt Practices
30
CHAPTER III
Invasion of France by Edward III.
33
Edward's Retreat to Creçy
33
Battle of Creçy
35
Renewal of the War
37
The Black Prince's Advance to the Loire and Retreat to Poitiers
38
Battle of Poitiers
39
Peace of Brétigny
41
The Free Companies; Battle of Cocherel
42
Battle of Auray
43
The White Company
44
The Black Prince's Invasion of Spain; Sir Thomas Felton
45
Battle of Navarete
46
Revolt of Gascony and Aquitaine
47
Death of the Black Prince
48
[xvi]
CHAPTER IV
The Spread of English Tactics; Battle of Sempach
50
The Free Companies; Rise of the Purchase System
51
Sir John Hawkwood
51
Battle of Aljubarotta
53
Improvement of Firearms
53
Henry V.'s Invasion of France
54
Siege of Harfleur; the March for Calais
55
Battle of Agincourt
58
Scots enter the French Service; Battle of Beaugé
62
Death of Henry V.
63
CHAPTER V
Continuation of the War under the Duke of Bedford
64
Battle of Crevant
64
Battle of Verneuil
65
Siege of Orleans; Battle of the Herrings
67
Joan of Arc
68
Decline of the English Efficiency; Defeat of Patay
69
Artillery used against the Archers
69
Foundation of the French Standing Army
70
Continued Decline of the English
70
Their Final Defeat at Chatillon
71
Discontent and Disorder in England
72
Wars of the Roses; Edward IV.
74
Battle of Towton
74
Battle of Barnet
76
Introduction of Firearms; Decay of Old English Tactics
77
Martin Schwartz at the Battle of Stoke
77
Close of the First Period of English Military History
78
BOOK II
CHAPTER I
Renascence of the Art of War in Europe; John Zizka
81
Rise of Swiss Military Power
82
Swiss Tactics
83
Decline of the Swiss; Marignano, Bicocca, Pavia
85
Rise of the Landsknechts
85
Their Organisation
86
Their System of Discipline
90
Their Tactics
91
French Invasion of Italy in 1496
93
The Artillery of the French Army
93
French Military Terms
93
Corruption in the French Army
95
Rise of the Spanish Military Power
96
Gonsalvo of Cordova
97
Pescayra's Firing System
97
Spanish Arquebusiers
98
[xvii]
[xviii]
Spanish Discipline
99
Spanish System of Training
100
Their Improvements in Firearms
101
Rise of Dragoons
102
Change in Tactics of Cavalry
102
Old Surgery and Gunshot Wounds
103
Missile Tactics of the Reiters
104
The Military Renascence founded on Classical Models
106
CHAPTER II
Accession of the Tudors
108
Results of the Loss of France; Calais
108
Dislocation of the old Military Organisation
109
Coat- and Conduct-Money; Yeomen of the Guard
110
The Tudor Colours
111
The Office of Ordnance
111
Military Efforts of Henry VIII.
112
War with France; Defects of the Army
112
Slow Improvement in Organisation
113
Foreign Mercenaries
114
The Northern Horsemen
114
Battle of Flodden
115
Continued Discouragement of Firearms
117
Scheme for Rearmament of Infantry Abandoned
119
The Artillery Company
119
The Great Review of 1539
119
The Breed of English Horses
121
Henry as an Artillerist
122
The Three Divisions of the English Forces
123
The Lords-Lieutenant
124
New Statute of Defence under Philip and Mary
125
Loss of Calais
126
CHAPTER III
Disorder in the Military System on Elizabeth's Accession
127
Great Efforts to Restore Efficiency
128
Report of the Magistrates on Existing Means of National Defence
128
The New School of Soldier
129
Opportunity lost for Erecting a Standing Army
130
English and Scots Volunteers aid French Protestants
131
War with France; Unreadiness of England
131
A Corps of Arquebusiers formed
132
Insurrection in the North; Bad Equipment of English Troops
133
Gradual Displacement of Bows and Bills by Pikes and Firearms
133
First English Volunteers sail for the Low Countries
135
London leads the Way in Military Reform
135
Gradual Introduction of Foreign Methods and Terms
135
Outburst of Military Literature at the close of Elizabeth's Reign
136
CHAPTER IV
Revolt of the Netherlands; Morgan's English Volunteers
141
The English School of War in the Netherlands; Sir Humphrey Gilbert
142
[xix]
Thomas Morgan
142
John Norris; Battle of Rymenant
143
Elizabeth's Double-dealing with the Dutch Insurgents
144
Despatch of Leicester to the Low Countries
146
Battle of Zutphen
147
Edward Stanley
150
The Camp at Tilbury
151
Maurice of Nassau
152
Reorganisation of the Dutch Army
152
The Infantry
153
The Cavalry
155
Francis Vere
155
Corruption in the Army
156
The British taken into Dutch Pay
157
CHAPTER V
The Campaign of 1600
159
Battle of Nieuport
160
The Defence of Ostend
165
Death of Francis Vere
167
The Twelve Years' Truce
168
Renewal of the War
168
The British Officers in the Dutch Service
169
Some peculiar Types
170
Improvement of the British Soldier
171
CHAPTER VI
The British School of War in Germany
173
Early Entry of Scots into the Swedish Service
173
Mackay's Highlanders
175
Their early Exploits in the Service of Denmark
175
Their Defence of Stralsund
178
Their Entry into the Service of Gustavus Adolphus
179
Reforms of King Gustavus; the Infantry
179
The Cavalry
182
The Artillery
184
His Matching of Mobility against Weight
185
Battle of Leipsic
186
The Action with Wallenstein before Nürnberg
189
The Scots Regiments enter the French Service
190
CHAPTER VII
King James I.; Repeal of the Statute of Philip and Mary
191
King Charles I.; Buckingham's Military Mismanagement
191
Lord Wimbledon's efforts to Restore Military Efficiency
193
Military Writers; Hopeless Condition of the English Militia
194
Collapse of the Military System at the Scotch Rebellion of 1639
194
The Collapse repeated in 1640
195
Resistance to enforcement of the Military Requirements of the King
196
Rout of the English at Newburn
198
The Scots Army subsidised by the Parliament
198
Widening of the Breach between King and Parliament
198
[xx]
[xxi]
The Futile Struggle of both Parties for the Militia
198
Outbreak of the Civil War
199
The Rival Armies; Prince Rupert
199
Oliver Cromwell; Rupert's Shock Action at Edgehill
200
Cromwell sees the Remedy for ensuring Victory over the Royalists
200
Helplessness of the Parliament in the Early Stages of the War
201
Superiority of the Royalist Cavalry
201
The King's Success in the Campaign of 1643
202
It is checked by Cromwell
203
Fairfax and Cromwell at Winceby Fight
204
Parliament votes a Regular Army
204
The Scots cross the Tweed; the Committee of both Kingdoms
205
Marston Moor
205
Sir William Waller urges the Formation of a Permanent Army
207
Collapse of the Existing System of the Parliamentary Army
208
The New Model Army voted
208
BOOK III
CHAPTER I
Fairfax appointed to Command the New Model
211
Philip Skippon his Chief Officer
212
The Making of the Army; Red Coats
213
The Organisation of the Army; Infantry and Cavalry
214
Shock Action
215
The Dragoons; the Artillery
217
The Engineers
219
Organisation of the War Department
219
List of the Army
220
The Ruling Committee's Plan of Campaign
222
It is upset by Montrose's Victory at Auldearn
223
Cromwell appointed Lieutenant-General
223
Battle of Naseby
224
The New Model's victorious Campaign in the West
227
Charles's Last Hope destroyed at Philiphaugh
228
CHAPTER II
The English and Scots
229
The Parliament and the Army
230
Fatuous Behaviour of Parliament
231
The Army advances on London
232
The House purged
233
Charles throws himself into the arms of the Scots
234
Cromwell's Dash into Yorkshire; Preston
234
The Army appeals for Justice upon Charles
235
Cromwell accepts the Command in Ireland
236
The Mutiny at Burford
237
The Irish Campaign
237
Threatened Invasion of Scots; Fairfax resigns
239
Cromwell succeeds Him; George Monk
239
The Coldstream Guards
240
The Campaign in Scotland
240
[xxii]
[xxiii]
Cromwell Outmanœuvred; Retreat to Dunbar
241
Leslie's False Movement
242
Battle of Dunbar
243
Reduction of the Lowlands
245
The Scots unite again under Charles Stuart
245
Cromwell's Plan of Campaign
246
Battle of Worcester
247
CHAPTER III
Gradual increase of the Army during the Civil Wars
248
Measures for reducing it
248
The Dutch War; George Monk
249
The Expulsion of the Rump by Cromwell
250
The United Kingdom under Military Government
251
George Monk in Scotland
251
His Highland Campaign
252
Henry Cromwell in Ireland
254
Oliver Cromwell in England
256
Military Districts and Mounted Constabulary
257
CHAPTER IV
The West Indian Expedition
258
The Plan of Campaign
259
Faults in the Composition and Direction of the Force
260
Refusal of Barbados to assist
261
Failure of the Attack on St. Domingo
262
Capture of Jamaica; the bulk of the Expedition returns to England
263
Frightful Mortality among the Troops in Jamaica
263
War with Spain; Six Thousand men sent to Turenne in Flanders
266
Excellence of their Discipline
267
Their Mad Exploit at St. Venant
268
Sufferings of the Troops in Winter Quarters
268
Sir William Lockhart appointed to Command
269
The British Regiments in the two contending Armies
270
Battle of Dunkirk Dunes
271
The King's English Guards
273
Further Exploits of the Six Thousand
273
Death of Oliver Cromwell
274
Richard Cromwell resigns; the Officers restore the Rump
274
Monk concentrates at Edinburgh and moves South
275
The Camp at Coldstream
276
Monk's March to London
276
The Rump dissolves itself under Monk's pressure
277
The Restoration
277
CHAPTER V
The Revival of the Military Spirit in England
279
The new type of Soldier introduced by Cromwell
280
Discipline of the Army
281
Incipient Organisation of a War Department
283
Stoppages of Pay; Barracks
284
Abolition of Purchase
284
[xxiv]
Suppression and Revival of Fraudulent Practices
285
BOOK IV
CHAPTER I
The Disbandment of the New Model
289
The First Guards and Blues raised
290
The Coldstream Guards reserved from the New Model
290
The Life Guards
291
The First Foot brought to England
292
Second Foot and Royal Dragoons raised
292
Reorganisation of the Militia
292
Growth of the Empire
293
War with the Dutch
293
The English Regiment in Holland returns, to become the Buffs
294
France and England declare War against Holland
295
James, Duke of Monmouth; John Churchill; William of Orange
296
Tangier
297
The Fourth Foot formed
298
Accession of James II.; his Powers of Administration
298
Monmouth's Rebellion
299
Fifth to Eighteenth Foot, First to Sixth Dragoon Guards, and Third and Fourth Hussars established
300
The Camp at Hounslow
300
The Twelfth Foot refuses to accept the Declaration of Indulgence
303
Tyrconnel and the Army in Ireland
303
Invasion of William; Sixteenth and Seventeenth Foot raised
305
Desertion of Officers and Flight of James
306
CHAPTER II
Administration of the Army; the Commander-in-Chief
308
The Office of Ordnance
309
Finance
310
The Secretary-at-War
311
The Staff at Headquarters
312
No Means of Enforcing Discipline
313
Pay of the Army; General Corruption
314
Regimental Organisation and Equipment; the Cavalry
321
Dragoons; the Scots Greys
323
The Infantry
324
The Artillery
328
Chelsea Hospital and Kilmainham
328
BOOK V
CHAPTER I
Accession of William; Discontent in the Army
333
Mutiny of the First Foot
334
The First Mutiny Act passed
335
Increase of the Army
336
Seventh Dragoon Guards and Nineteenth to Twenty-fourth Foot raised
337
Rottenness in the Military System
337
[xxv]
[xxvi]
Marlborough's First Fight with a Marshal of France
338
The Rebellion in Scotland; Twenty-fifth Foot raised
338
Killiecrankie
339
Twenty-sixth Foot formed
340
Dunkeld
341
Socket Bayonet introduced by Mackay
341
Londonderry and Enniskillen
342
The Fifth Lancers, Inniskilling Dragoons and Twenty-seventh Foot formed
342
Schomberg sails for Ireland
343
The Campaign breaks down
344
Disgraceful State of the Army
345
Preparations for a New Irish Campaign
348
CHAPTER II
The Theatre of War in the Low Countries
351
The French passion for a Siege
354
The old-fashioned Campaign as then understood
355
The Allies and French compared
356
Campaign of 1691
357
Campaign of 1692
358
Namur captured by the French
359-360
Battle of Steenkirk
360
End of the Campaign
367
CHAPTER III
Additions to the Army; Eighth Hussars raised
368
The Campaign of 1693
369
Battle of Landen
370
Increase of the Army for next Campaign; the Seventh Hussars
376
Tolmach's failure at Brest
377
Campaign of 1695
377
Siege of Namur
378
Peace of Ryswick
379
CHAPTER IV
Financial Exhaustion of England
381
Kidnapping of Recruits
382
The Troops unpaid
383
The cry of No Standing Army
384
Harley's Motion for Reduction of the Army carried
384
Abuse heaped on the Army in consequence
385
Distress of the Army through withholding of its Arrears
385
William tries to keep a larger Army
386
The English Establishment reduced to Seven Thousand Men
386
Distribution of the Army so reduced
388
Renewed outcry of Soldiers for their Arrears
389
Helplessness of the Commons
390
The outcry increased owing to the Resumption of Crown Grants
391
Renewal of the War; King William
392
BOOK VI
[xxvii]
CHAPTER I
The Spanish Succession
397
Increase of the Army; Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Foot
398
Marlborough sails for the Low Countries
399
Twenty-eighth to Thirty-second Foot, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth Foot raised
400
Opening of the Campaign of 1702
401
Marlborough takes the Field
402
His Campaign ruined by the Dutch Deputies
403
The Centre of Operations tends towards the Danube
406
The Descent on Cadiz
407
Marlborough's Escape from Capture in Flanders
407
He is raised to a Dukedom
408
Scandals in the Paymaster's Office
408
The Office reconstituted
410
CHAPTER II
Increase of the Army
411
The French Plan of Campaign
412
Marlborough's Plan
413
A Second Campaign ruined by the Dutch
414
French Successes on the Rhine and Danube
415
Eugene of Savoy
416
Marlborough's Plan for a March to the Danube
416
Disposition of the French
418
The March to the Danube
419
Action of the Schellenberg
423
Pursuit of the defeated Bavarians to Friedberg
427
CHAPTER III
Tallard marches for the Danube
429
Eugene follows parallel with him
429
Junction of Marlborough and Eugene
431
Battle of Blenheim
432
The close of the Campaign
444
Effect of the Victory in England
445
CHAPTER IV
A British Army sent to the Peninsula
447
Siege of Gibraltar
448
The Fortress relieved by Admiral Leake
450
Increase of the Army; the Thirty-eighth Foot
450
Marlborough's design to carry the War into Lorraine
451
It is foiled by the supineness of the Allies
451
He returns to Flanders
451
The Lines of the Geete
451
The Campaign again ruined by the Dutch
456
Peterborough in Catalonia
459
Capture of Barcelona
460
Catalonia and Valencia gained
463
CHAPTER V
[xxviii]
[xxix]
