Better Yourself for Better Governance LOGODI Local Government and Public Administration in Korea Jin-Wook Choi Professor, Korea University Ph.D. in Political Science, University of Chicago Chang Soo Choe Professor, Korea University Ph.D. in Political Science, University of Delaware Jaehoon Kim Professor, Seoul National University of Science & Technology Ph.D. in Public administration, The Florida State University Contents PART Ⅰ OVERVIEW············································································································1 Chapter I Republic of Korea···········································································································2 1.1 Korea at a Glance···················································································································2 1.2 Geography···································································································································2 1.3 Politics··········································································································································4 1.4 Economy ····································································································································6 1.5 Society··········································································································································8 Chapter 2 MOPAS and LOGODI···································································································12 2.1 MOPAS·······································································································································12 2.2 LOGODI······································································································································16 PART Ⅱ LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN KOREA······························································22 CHAPTER 3 Institutional Framework of Local Government·············································23 3.1 Overview····································································································································23 3.2 Local Government System and Structure····································································24 3.3 Functions of Local Governments ················································································29 CHAPTER 4 Local Elections and Citizen Participation·······················································34 4.1 Overview····································································································································34 4.2 Institutional Scheme·············································································································34 4.3 Voter Turnout·························································································································35 4.4 Characteristics: Local Elections without Local Issues············································37 4.5 Citizen Participation··············································································································41 4.6 Summary···································································································································46 CHAPTER 5 Local Councils and Elected Executives ·························································47 5.1 Overview····································································································································47 5.2 Local Council: Representation with Limited Power and Capacity······················47 5.3 Elected Executives: Strong Leadership without Challenge····································55 5.4 Public Administrators ········································································································57 5.5 Local Power Structure: Mayor-dominant System·····················································58 5.6 Summary···································································································································59 CHAPTER 6 Intergovernmental Relations·················································································60 - i - 6.1 Overview····································································································································60 6.2 Central-Local Relations: Conflict and Cooperation··················································61 6.3 Relations between Local Governments··········································································64 6.4 Summary···································································································································67 PART Ⅲ FINANCE OF KOREAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS····································96 Chapter 7 Overview of Korean Local Finance······································································70 7.1 Budget and Accounting System·······················································································70 7.2 Role of Local Public Finance····························································································71 7.3 Revenues and Expenditures······························································································72 7.4 Autonomy of Local Finance······························································································75 Chapter 8 Local Revenues·············································································································77 8.1 Local Tax··································································································································77 8.2 Non-Tax Revenues················································································································83 8.3. Local Borrowings··················································································································85 8.4 Characteristics of Local Revenues·················································································86 Chapter 9 Intergovernmental Revenues···················································································89 9.1 Intergovernmental Revenues Between Central and Local Governments··········90 9.2 Intergovernmental Revenues between Higher- and Lower-level Local Governments···························································································································93 9.3. Characteristics of Intergovernmental Revenues·······················································96 Chapter 10 Local Expenditures ·································································································99 10.1 Expenditures by Function································································································99 10.2 Expenditures by Government Type············································································100 10.3. Characteristics of Local Expenditures·····································································102 Chapter 11 Local Fiscal Management System·····································································103 11.1 Total Debt Limits··············································································································103 11.2 Local Fiscal Investment/Borrowing Evaluation·····················································105 11.3 Local Financial Analysis and Diagnosis···································································107 PART Ⅳ CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN KOREA·······················································108 Chapter 12 System and Structures of the Korean Government··································109 12.1 Overview·······························································································································109 12.2 President and the Executive·························································································110 12.3 The Legislature and the National Assembly··························································112 - ii - 12.4 Political Parties··················································································································113 12.5 Judiciary································································································································114 Chapter 13 Structure and Functions of the Central Government······························117 13.1 Structure of the Central Government······································································117 13.2 The President (http://www.president.go.kr)····························································117 13.3 Prime Minister (http://www.pmo.go.kr) ··································································119 13.4 Ministries under the Prime Minister··········································································120 13.5 Ministries under the President····················································································121 Chapter 14 Personnel Management and Development in the Central Government 130 14.1 Overview·······························································································································130 14.2 Classification and Grades······························································································130 14.3 Recruitment and Promotion··························································································133 14.4 Remuneration and Performance Management·······················································134 14.5 Civil Service Training······································································································136 Chapter 15 Fiscal Structure of the Central Government···············································138 15.1 Overview·······························································································································138 15.2 Revenues·······························································································································139 15.3 Expenditures························································································································143 15.4 Fiscal Deficits and National Debts·············································································145 CHAPTER 16 Reform and Innovation in the Central Government······························148 16.1 Overview·······························································································································148 16.2 Government Innovation in Korea: Vision, Mission, and Structure ·············149 16.3 Innovation Objectives and Key Targets····································································151 16.4 Government Innovation and Decentralization: The Roh Administration·····154 16.5 Decentralization Promotion: The Lee Administration·········································155 References··························································································································157 Useful Websites of the Korean Central and Local Governments·················158 - iii - Figures [Figure 1-1] Geography of Korea······························································································3 [Figure 1-2] Economic Growth in Korea, 1970-2010·························································6 [Figure 1-3] S&T Growth of Korea, 1998-2009···································································7 [Figure 1-4] Key Obstacles to the Nation's Competitiveness of Korea······················8 [Figure 1-5] Life Expectancy of Korea and the World··················································10 [Figure 1-6] A Ratio of the Capital and Non-Capital Region Population···············11 [Figure 2-1] Vision and Missions of the MOPAS······························································13 [Figure 2-2] Organizational Chart of the MOPAS····························································13 [Figure 2-3] Organizational Structure of the LOGODI····················································17 [Figure 3-1] System of Korean Local Self-government·················································24 [Figure 3-2] Administrative Jurisdictions of Provincial Governments······················26 [Figure 3-3] Structure of Local Government ···································································28 [Figure 3-4] Distribution of Government Functions························································30 [Figure 4-1] Changes of Voter Turnout in Local and Other Elections···················36 [Figure 4-2] Turnout Differences between Urban and Rural Areas ·······················37 [Figure 4-3] Rate of Unified Local Governments·····························································40 [Figure 5-1] Roles of Local Councils····················································································49 [Figure 5-2] Organizational Structure of Seoul Metropolitan Council·····················51 [Figure 5-3] Organizational Structure of Yeosu City Council·····································51 [Figure 5-4] Education of Municipal Councilors······························································53 [Figure 5-5] Time Management of Councilors··································································54 [Figure 5-6] Proportion of Women in Elected Local Offices·······································56 [Figure 5-7] Age and Education of Elected Executives in 2010 Election···············57 [Figure 6-1] Intergovernmental Relations············································································60 [Figure 6-2] Entrustment of Affairs by Governments····················································65 [Figure 7-1] Typology of Local Revenues ·······································································72 [Figure 8-1] Recent Changes of Local Government Tax System·······························77 [Figure 8-2] Tax Structure of Korean Central Government········································78 [Figure 8-3] Structure of Non-Tax Revenues···································································84 [Figure 12-1] Structure of the Political System of Korea··········································109 [Figure 12-2] Structure of the Executive Branch··························································111 [Figure 12-3] Procedure for Amendment of the Constitution··································112 [Figure 12-4] Lawmaking Process in the National Assembly····································113 [Figure 12-5] Budget Bill Deliberation Process in the National Assembly···········113 [Figure 12-6] Court System of Korea·················································································115 [Figure 14-1] SCS Candidate Development Program····················································132 [Figure 14-2] Re-certification Process················································································132 - iv - [Figure 14-3] Basic Remuneration System········································································135 [Figure 16-1] Framework of the Korean Government Innovation···························150 [Figure 16-2] Structure of Korean Government Innovation······································151 [Figure 16-3] Number of Transfers of Official Duties, 2000-2006··························155 - v - Tables Major Indicators of Population Projections in Korea, 1995-2050···········9

2012 Training Plans of the LOGODI·································································91

Number of Foreign Government Officials Trainees···································20

Differences in Area and Population among Municipalities ···············27

Decentralization of Central Government Functions ···························32

Ballot Ordering Effect in 2010 Elections (Lower-Level Council) ·········93

Institutional Measures for Citizen Participation··········································42

Cases of Recall Ballot ··························································································44

Ordinances of Local Governments, 2011·······················································48

Number of Standing Committees······································································50

Number of Local Councilors, 2010···································································52

Entrustment of Affairs, 1995-2010···································································56

Corporative Authorities in Korea······································································66

Composition of National Budget········································································71

Composition of National Spending····································································72

Composition of Local Revenues·········································································73

Functional Distribution of Local Expenditures, 2008-2011·····················74

Comparison of National and Local Tax Revenues·····································75

Local Tax Revenues by Tax Items and by Types of Local Governments, 2011 82

Trend of Increase Rate of Local Government Tax Revenues················83

Trend of Non-Tax Revenues by Accounts····················································84

Non-Tax Revenue Breakdown·············································································58

Local Debts, 2006-2011························································································6·8

Ratio of Central and Local Tax Revenues in Selected OECD Countries 87

Categorization of Local Tax Items by Characteristics······························88

Non-Tax Revenues of Local Governments by Governments ················88

Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations···································································89

Revenue Sharing, 2005-2011···············································································29

Intergovernmental Transfers from Higher- to Lower-level Local Governments 96

Budget Trend of Own-Projects, 2008-2011 ················································7·9

Categorical Grants and Local Fiscal Burden, 2008-2011 ·······················97

Local Expenditures by Function···································································100

Local Expenditures by Government Type and Function·····················101

Types of Local Governments for Total Debt Limits······························104

Types of Local Governments for Total Debt Limits······························105 - vi -

Criteria for Types of Evaluation···································································106

Provisions on Political Parties in the Constitution································114

Open and Career-based Competitive Examinations······························133

Minimum Length-of-Service Requirements for Promotion·················134

Major Elements of Salary by Category······················································135

Revenue Projection in 2012············································································139

General Account Revenues Projection in 2012·······································140

Tax Revenues of the Central Government in 2012·······························141

Special Account Revenues Projection in 2012········································141

Fund Revenues Projection by Revenue Sources in 2012····················142

Fund Revenues Projection by Fund Types in 2012·······························143

Expenditures Projection in 2012···································································143

Budget Expenditures by Function·································································144

Fund Expenditures in 2012·············································································145

Fiscal Balance·····································································································146

National Debts····································································································147

Comparison of National Debts among Selected Countries···············147

Statistics of Local Transfers, 2000-2011···················································156 - vii - PART Ⅰ OVERVIEW - 1 -

Local Government and Public Administration in - WordPress.com

Similar Local Government and Public Administration in - WordPress.com