William Hopkins Campbell PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

331 Pages·2007·1.61 MB·English

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William Hopkins Campbell
‘Dyvers kyndes of religion
in sondry partes of the Ilande’:
The Geography of Pastoral Care
in Thirteenth-Century England
A thesis submitted for the degree of
Philosophiae Doctor
19 June 2006
Department of Mediaeval History
University of St. Andrews
Abstract
The Church was not the only progenitor and disseminator of ideas
in medieval England, but it was the most pervasive. Relations between
the ecclesiastical and lay realms are well documented at high social
levels but become progressively obscure as one descends to the influence
of the Church at large on society at large (and vice versa). The twelfth
century was a time of great energy and renewal in the leadership and
scholarship of the Church; comparable religious energy and renewal can
be seen in late-medieval lay culture. The momentum was passed on in
the thirteenth century, and pastoral care was the means of its transfer.
The historical sources in this field tend to be either prescriptive,
such as treatises on how to hear confessions, or descriptive, such as
bishops’ registers. Prescription and description have generally been
addressed separately. Likewise, the parish clergy and the friars are
seldom studied together. These families of primary sources and
secondary literature are brought together here to produce a more fully-
rounded picture of pastoral care and church life.
The Church was an inherently local institution, shaped by
geography, personalities, social structures, and countless ad hoc
solutions to local problems. Few studies of medieval English
ecclesiastical history have fully accepted the considerable implications of
this for pastoral care; close attention to local variation is a governing
methodology of this thesis, which concludes with a series of local case
studies of pastoral care in several dioceses, demonstrating not only the
divergences between them but also the variations within them.
Student’s Declarations
I, William Hopkins Campbell, hereby certify that this thesis,
which is approximately 100,000 words in length, has been
written by me; that it is the record of work carried out by me;
and that it has not been submitted in any previous application
for a higher degree.
I was admitted as a research student in the month of
September 2000, and as a candidate for the degree of
Philosophiae Doctor in June 2001; the higher study for which
this is a record was carried out in the University of St.
Andrews between 2000 and 2006.
In submitting this thesis to the University of St. Andrews, I
understand that I am giving permission for it to be made
available for use in accordance with the regulations of the
University Library for the time being in force, subject to any
copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also
understand that the title and abstract will be published and
that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona
fide library or research worker.
i
Prologue and Acknowledgements
The thirteenth century appears as an era of betwixt and between
for the English Church. The twelfth century has long been recognised as
a period of intellectual vigour in Latin Christendom, sparked by and
continuing the Gregorian Reform; the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
are well known as an era of English lay piety, producing countless
Perpendicular parish churches and lay mystics such as Margery Kempe.
It was largely in the thirteenth century that the momentum passed from
the clerical hierarchy, the Church in the narrow sense, to the laity, the
Church in the broad sense. Yet the means by which this happened are
obscure in the historical record. The use of written English by the
Church for such means as sermon books decayed after the Norman
Conquest and re-emerged in the fourteenth century. By surrendering
claims on manorial churches as private property and donating many
advowsons (the right to appoint a parish priest) to religious houses, local
lay elites yielded much control over parish churches; the laity began to
exercise significant responsibility again in their parishes in the
fourteenth century with the rise of churchwardens, but the local
relationships between clergy and parishioners in between remain
obscure.1 To be both literal and metaphorical, were the chancel and nave
connected with an open arch, or were they divided by a screen?
This thesis does not propose to answer all of these questions.
Ultimately this is a study of shepherds, not of sheep, of supply rather
than demand. However, further research on the former can shed indirect
light on the latter, and it is in this spirit that this work has been
undertaken, even if extrapolation from clerical activity to lay disposition
is not as full as it might be.
It is now sixty-one years since the appearance of J.R.H. Moorman’s
Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century, the last published
monograph dedicated to covering that subject.2 Scholarship in many
related fields has come a long way since then: suffice it to mention that
Leonard Boyle’s entire publishing career came between then and now. As
the methodological vistas of history have broadened – even if mine
operate on more of a theological and less of a social-scientific axis –, the
assistance of other scholars has come to my aid. Professor Robert
Bartlett and Professor Chris Given-Wilson, as my supervisors, have given
me the most assistance. Professor Joseph Goering of the University of
Toronto has been outstandingly generous with his time, ideas and
unpublished material; Drs. Carol Davidson Cragoe, Neslihan Şenocak
1C.F.Davidson[Cragoe],‘WritteninStone:Architecture,LiturgyandtheLaityinEnglishParish
Churches,c.1125-c.1250’(unpublishedPh.D.thesis,UniversityofLondon,1998),55-58.Ontheactive
roleofthelaityinmaintainingchurchbuildingsduringthethirteenthcentury,seeibid.,esp.119-23.
2Goering,‘Popularisation’,wasfinishedin1977,buthasnotbeenpublished.
ii
and Bert Roest have also kindly supplied me with unpublished material.
Correspondence with Drs. David M. Smith, Brian Kemp, Andrew
Jotischky and David d’Avray has helped me to find references and hone
my ideas. Professor Goering, Dr. Cragoe, Mr. Ryan Renfro and my wife
Lucia read parts of my thesis in draft and gave me many useful
comments. Among my student colleagues at St. Andrews, Sumi David
and Dr. Sally Crumplin stand out for their fruitful dialogue. I am grateful
to them all (and others I may have negligently forgotten) for their help,
but I claim exclusive credit for every remaining fault and misstep.
For making this study financially possible, I gratefully acknowledge
the assistance of the British Council, through its Overseas Research
Student Award Scheme; the Clan MacBean Foundation; the Saint
Andrew’s Society of Washington, DC; the scholarship fund of the
Episcopal Church Women of the Diocese of Pittsburgh; the Jon C.
Norwine Scholarship; and the generosity of both my own and my wife’s
parents. I am also grateful to the Institute of Historical Research for first
employing me as Research Editor of the Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae before
my thesis was finished and then giving me the flexibility to complete it.
Finally, thanks are due to Lucia and Edmund for tolerating the
paterfamilias heading off to the office on more Saturdays than any of us
cares to recall.
Vigil of St. Botolph, MMVI
Bloomsbury, London
Soli Deo Gloria.
iii
Table of Contents
Prologue and Acknowledgements i
Table of Contents iii
Abbreviations iv
List of Maps ix
Introduction 1
Part I: Pastoral Care in the Parish 13
1. Introduction: brief background to the parish 14
2. The early thirteenth century (to ca. 1220) 16
3. The formation and education of the parish clergy 26
4. Preaching and religious instruction in the parish 39
5. Sacramental and liturgical pastoral care 44
6. Confession and penance 64
7. Priest and parishioners 78
Part II: Pastoral Care by the Regular Clergy 82
1. Introduction: origins of the friars 83
2. The arrival and spread of the friars 89
3. The formation and education of the friars 99
4. Mendicant popular preaching 109
5. Sacramental and liturgical pastoral care 131
6. Confession to friars 138
7. The smaller mendicant orders 162
8. Monks and canons regular 173
Part III: Studies in the Geography of Pastoral Care 184
1. Introduction to Canterbury Province 185
2. The statutes of Richard Poore 194
3. Lincoln Diocese 204
4. Exeter Diocese 242
5. Introduction to York Province 268
6. Carlisle Diocese 270
Conclusion 290
Bibliography 295
iv
Abbreviations
An asterisk *following anentry denotes aprimary source.
AAAtlas: The AARoad Atlas, GreatBritain and Ireland, 2003 (Windsor: Automobile
Association, 2002).
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(LRS 88, 2000). Cited by document number. *
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Archiepiscopi A.D. 1207-1228 (C&YS 50, 1950). *
AFH: ArchivumFranciscanumHistoricum.
AFP: Archivum FratrumPraedicatorum.
AHDLMA: Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale etLittéraire du Moyen Âge.
Annales Monastici: H.R. Luard, ed., Annales Monastici (RS 36: in five vols., 1864-1869).
*
Archid. Acta: Brian Kemp, ed., Twelfth-century EnglishArchidiaconal and Vice-
Archidiaconal Acta (C&YS, 2001). Citation by document number. *
BIHR: Bulletinof the Institute of Historical Research (simply Historical Research from
1987)
Bishops andReform: Marion Gibbs and Jane Lang, Bishops andReform: 1215-1272:
with Special Reference to the LateranCouncil of 1215 (London, 1934).
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cura PP. Collegii a S. Bonaventura (Ad Claras Aquas (Quaracchi); in 8 vols.,
1889-1902). *
BRUO: A.B. Emden, ABiographical Registerof the University of Oxfordto 1500 (Oxford,
in 3 vols., 1957-59; continuous pagination).
Bull. Fr.: Joannem Hyacinthus Sbaralea OFM, ed., Bullarium FranciscanumRomanorum
Pontificum: constitutiones, epistolas, ac diplomata continens [etc.] (5 vols.; Rome,
1759-1804; using reprint, Assisi, 1983). *
C&SI: D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C.N.L. Brooke, ed., Councils and Synods: with other
Documents relating to the EnglishChurch, I: A.D. 871-1204 (in two parts: Oxford,
1981). *
C&SII: F.M. Powicke and C.R. Cheney, ed., Councils and Synods: withotherDocuments
relating to the EnglishChurch, II: A.D. 1205-1313(in two parts, continuous
pagination: Oxford, 1964). *
C&YS: The Canterbury and York Society.
Catalogue of Romances: J.A. Herbert, ed., Catalogue of Romances in the Departmentof
Manuscripts in the BritishMuseum, vol. III (London, 1910). *
Cheney, Innocent III: C.R. Cheney, Pope Innocent III and England (Stuttgart, 1976).
Chobham, Summa: Thomas of Chobham, Thomae de ChobhamSummaConfessorum,
ed. F. Broomfield (Louvain, 1968). *
Chron. Maj.: Matthew Paris OSB, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (RS 57, in 7 vols.,
1872-1883). *
CiB I: Patrick Fitzgerald-Lombard OCarm, ed., Carmel inBritain, Volume I: Essays on
the Medieval EnglishCarmelite Province (Rome, 1992).
CiB III: Richard Copsey OCarm, Carmel inBritain, Volume III: The HermitsfromMount
Carmel (Faversham, Kent, 2004).
ConciliaScotiae: Joseph Robertson, ed., Concilia Scotiae: Ecclesiae Scoticanae Statuta
tamProvincialia quam Synodalia quae supersunt MCCXXV-MDLIX (Bannatyne
Club, in 2 vols., 1866). *
‘Constitutiones OP’: H. Denifle, ed., ‘Constitutiones antique ordinis fratrum
predicatorum’, ArchivfürLitteratur- undKirchen-Geschichte des Mittelalters I
(1885), 193-227. *
v
CPLI: W.H. Bliss, ed., Calendarof Entries in the Papal Registers relating to GreatBritain
and Ireland: Papal Letters, vol. I: 1198-1302 (London, 1893). *
De Adventu: Thomas ‘of Eccleston’ OFM, Fratris Thomae vulgo dictide Eccleston
Tractatus de AdventuFratrumMinoruminAngliam, ed. A.G. Little (Manchester,
1951). *
DEC: G. Alberigo et al., ed., and N. Tanner et al., trans., Decrees of the Ecumenical
Councils, volume I: Nicaea Ito Lateran V (Washington, DC, 1990). *
‘Deus Est’: Robert Grosseteste, ed. S. Wenzel, ‘Robert Grosseteste’s Treatise on
Confession, “Deus Est”’, FranciscanStudies 30 (1970), 218-93. *
EEA: English Episcopal Acta, various editors (London: 1980- , in 31 vols. thus far). Cited
by volume number (Arabic numerals) followed by page (small Roman numerals)
or document number (Arabic numerals) unless otherwise noted. *
EEFP: William A. Hinnebusch OP, The Early EnglishFriars Preachers (Rome, 1951).
EHR: The English Historical Review.
Eng. Synodalia: C.R. Cheney, EnglishSynodaliaof the ThirteenthCentury (Oxford, 1968,
reprint of 1941 edition).
Epist. Grosseteste: H.R. Luard, ed., RobertiGrosseteste EpiscopiQuondam Lincolniensis
Epistolae (RS 25, 1861). *
Epist. Pecham: Charles Trice Martin, ed., RegistrumEpistolarum Fratris Johanis Pecham,
ArchiepiscopiCantuariensis (RS 77, in 3 vols., 1882-1885). *
Fasciculus Morum: S. Wenzel, ed. and trans., Fasciculus Morum: A Fourteenth-Century
Preacher’s Handbook (London, 1989). *
Fasti: Diana E. Greenway etal., ed., John Le Neve, Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 1066-
1300 (London, 1968- , in 11 volumes to date, cited by cathedral).
Flamborough, Liber: Robert of Flamborough OSA, LiberPoenitentialis, ed. J.J.F. Firth
(Toronto, 1971). *
Gerald, Opera: Gerald of Wales, GiraldiCambrensis Opera, ed. J.S. Brewer, J.F. Dimock
and G.F. Warner (RS 21, in 8 vols., 1861-1891). *
Goering, ‘Popularization’: Joseph Ward Goering, ‘The Popularization of Scholastic Ideas
in Thirteenth-Century England and an Anonymous Speculum Iuniorum’,
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1977.
Goering, ‘When and Where’: Joseph Ward Goering, ‘When and Where did Grosseteste
Study Theology?’, in James McEvoy, ed., RobertGrosseteste: NewPerspectives on
his Life andScholarship (Turnhout, 1995), 17-51.
Handling Sin: Peter Biller and A.J. Minnis, ed., HandlingSin: Confessionin the Middle
Ages (Woodbridge, 1998).
HBC: E.B. Pryde, D.E. Greenway, S. Porter, and I. Roy, ed., Handbook of British
Chronology (3rd edn.: London, 1986).
Hist. Ang.: Matthew Paris OSB, HistoriaAnglorum, ed. F. Madden (RS 44, in 3 vols.,
1866-1869). *
Humbert, Opera: Humbert of Romans OP, Operade Vita Regulari, ed. Joachim Joseph
Berthier (Torino: in 2 vols., 1956).
Lan. Cart.: John M. Todd, ed., The LanercostCartulary: CumbriaCounty RecordOffice
MS DZ/1 (Surtees Society, 1997). Citations in Arabic numerals are to document
number. *
Lan. Chron.: Joseph Stevenson, ed., Chronicon de LanercostMCCI-MCCCXLVI, e Codice
Cottoniano Nunc Primum Typis Mandatum (Maitland Club, 1839). *
LFMB: Thomas Frederic Simmons, ed., The Lay Folk’s Mass Book; or, The Mannerof
Hearing Mass (Early English Text Society, 1879). *
Liber Exemplorum: A.G. Little, ed., LiberExemplorum adUsumPraedicantium Saeculo xiii
Compositus aquodam Fratre Minore Anglico de Provincia Hiberniae (Aberdeen,
1908). *
Little, FranciscanPapers: A.G. Little, Franciscan Papers, Lists andDocuments
(Manchester, 1943).
vi
Little, Religious Poverty: Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the ProfitEconomy in
Medieval Europe (London, 1978),
Little, Studies: A.G. Little, Studies in EnglishFranciscanHistory (Manchester, 1917).
Lombard, Sentences: Peter Lombard, QuatuorLibriSententiarum (PL CXCII). *
LRS: Lincoln Record Society publications. *
MCHEW: K.J. Egan O.Carm., ‘Medieval Carmelite Houses: England and Wales’, in CiB I
1-85.
Monumenta Franciscana: J.S. Brewer, ed., MonumentaFranciscana (RS 4.1, 1858). *
Moorman, ChurchLife: J.R.H. Moorman, Church Life inEnglandin the Thirteenth
Century (Cambridge, 1945).
MRH: Dom David Knowles OSB, and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses:
England andWales (2nd edn.: London, 1971).
O’Carroll, Grosseteste: Mary E. O’Carroll SND [= Maura O’Carroll], ed., Robert
Grosseteste and the Beginnings of aBritishTheological Tradition (Rome, 2003).
O’Carroll, Studies: Mary E. O’Carroll, SND [= Maura O’Carroll], AThirteenth-Century
Preacher’s Handbook: Studies in MS Laud Misc. 511 (Toronto, 1997).
ODCC: F.L. Cross and E.A. Livingstone, ed., TheOxfordDictionary of the Christian
Church (2nd edn., reprinted with corrections: Oxford, 1977).
ODNB: The OxfordDictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004). Cited by article title.
Peñaforte, Summa: Raimundus de Pennaforte OP, Summade Paenitentia[= Summade
Casibus Poenitentiae], ed. X. Ochoa and A. Diez (Rome, 1976). Citations by
column number. *
PL: J.-P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae Cursus Completus ... OmniumSS. Patrum : Doctorum
Scriptorumque Ecclesiasticorum... ad aetatem Innocentii III... : Series Latina (221
vols., Paris, etc., 1844-1903). Cited by volume number (Roman numerals) and
column (Arabic numerals). *
Reg. Ant.: C.W. Foster and Kathleen Major, ed., The RegistrumAntiquissimumof the
Cathedral Churchof Lincoln (LRS, 10 vols., 1931-1973). Citation by volume
number in large Roman numerals and entry number in Arabic numerals. *
Reg. Bateman: P.B. Pobst, ed., The Registerof WilliamBateman, Bishop of Norwich
1344-1355 (C&YS 84 and 90, 1995, 2000). *
Reg. Bronescombe: O.F. Robinson, ed., The Registerof WalterBronescombe, Bishop of
Exeter 1258-1280 (three vols., C&YS 82, 87 and 94, 1995-2003). Arabic
numerals refer to document number unless otherwise stated. *
Reg. Bull.: The bull Soletannuere of Pope Honorius III, 1223, known as the ‘Regula
Bullata’ and the Franciscan Rule. Printed in Bull.Fr. I, 15-19; also in P.L. Oliger,
OFM, ed., Expositio Quatuor Magistrorumsuper RegulamFratrum Minorum (1241-
1242) (Rome: Edizioni di «Storia e Letteratura», 1950), 171-93. Cited by chapter
(I-XII). *
Reg. Cantilupe: R.G. Griffiths, ed., RegistrumThome de Cantilupo, Episcopi
Herefordensis, A.D. 1275-1282 (C&YS 2, 1907). *
Reg. Greenfield: W. Brown and A. Hamilton Thompson, ed., The Registerof William
Greenfield, LordArchbishop of York 1306-1315 (Surtees Society, in 5 vols., 1931-
1938). *
Reg. Halton: W.N. Thompson, ed., The Registerof Johnde Halton, Bishop of Carlisle,
A.D. 1292-1324 (C&YS, in 2 vols. (C&YS 12 and 13), 1913). *
Reg. Pecham I: F.N. Davis, ed., The Registerof JohnPecham, Archbishop of Canterbury
1279-1292, vol. I (C&YS 63, 1969). *
Reg. Quivil: F.C. Hingeston-Randolph, ed., The Registers of WalterBronescombe (A.D.
1257-1280), andPeterQuivil (A.D. 1280-1291), Bishops of Exeter: with some
Records of the Episcopate of Bishop Thomas de Bytton (A.D. 1292-1307); also the
Taxationof Pope Nicholas IV, A.D. 1291(Diocese of Exeter) (London, 1889). *
Reg. Romeyn I: W. Brown, ed., The Registerof John Romeyn, LordArchbishop of York
1286-1296, Part I (Surtees Society, 1913). *