War, Capital, and the Dutch State (1588-1795)

461 Pages·2015·1.77 MB·English

by  Pepijn Brandon

War,Capital,andtheDutchState(1588–1795)
Historical Materialism
Book Series
EditorialBoard
SébastienBudgen(Paris)
SteveEdwards(London)
JuanGrigera(London)
MarcelvanderLinden(Amsterdam)
PeterThomas(London)
volume101
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/hm
War, Capital, and
the Dutch State (1588–1795)
By
PepijnBrandon
leiden | boston
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Brandon,Pepijn,author.
War,capital,andtheDutchstate(1588-1795)/byPepijnBrandon.
pagescm.–(Historicalmaterialismbookseries,ISSN1570-1522;volume101)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-90-04-22814-6(hardcover:alkalinepaper)–ISBN978-90-04-30251-8(e-book)
1.Nationalism–Netherlands–History–17thcentury.2.Nationalism–Netherlands–History–18thcentury.3.
Nation-state–History.4.Mercantilesystem–Netherlands–History–17thcentury.5.Mercantile
system–Netherlands–History–18thcentury.6.Worldpolitics–17thcentury.7.Worldpolitics–18thcentury.8.
War.I.Title.
DJ156.B732015
949.2'04–dc23
2015026742
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Formygreat-grandfather
Herman(Hersch)Ohringer(1899–1995)
alifelongcourageousfighter
whorefusedtogointothetrenches
forsomeoneelse’swar
∵
In’tmiddenvandentwist,en’twoedennimmermoê,
Verheftuwstadhaarkroontotaandenhemeltoe,
Engaatdoorvuurenijseeneandrewereldvinden,
Endondertmetgeschutopallevierdewinden.
(Inthemidstofallstrife,nevertiredofraging,
Yourcity[Amsterdam]heavesitscrownuntotheveryheavens,
Andgoesthroughfireandicetofindanotherworld,
Gunsthunderinginallfourdirectionsofthewind.)
joost van den vondel,GijsbrechtvanAemstel(1637)Act5.8
…
Theneverythingincludesitselfinpower,
Powerintowill,willintoappetite,
Andappetite(anuniversalwolf,
Sodoublysecondedwithwill,andpower)
Mustmakeperforceanduniversalprey,
Andlast,eatuphimself.
william shakespeare,TroylusandCressida(1609)Act1.3
…
AndIhopethatyoudieandyourdeath’llcomesoon
Iwillfollowyourcasketinthepaleafternoon
AndI’llwatchwhileyou’relowereddowntoyourdeathbed
AndI’llstando’eryourgrave’tilI’msurethatyou’redead.
bob dylan,MastersofWar(1963)
∵
Contents
ListofChartsandTables ix
Charts ix
Tables ix
TranslationsofFrequentlyUsedDutchTerms xi
NoteonCurrency xi
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction 1
DutchWar-MakingandState-Making:ThreeSolutionstoaRiddle 3
TypologiesoftheEarlyModernStateForm 13
TheDutchCycleofAccumulation 22
TheFederal-BrokerageStateandits‘HistoricBloc’ 29
ContentandStructureoftheBook 36
1 TheMakingoftheFederal-BrokerageState 41
1.1 TheDutchRevoltandtheEstablishmentoftheState 44
1.2 TypesofBrokerage1:MerchantWarriors 51
1.3 TypesofBrokerage2:MerchantsasAdministrators 57
1.4 TypesofBrokerage3:FinancialIntermediariesinTroop
Payments 66
1.5 PoliticalandIdeologicalFoundationsoftheFederal-Brokerage
State 70
Conclusions 80
2 MerchantCompanies,NavalPower,andTradeProtection 83
2.1 TheNavalRevolutionandtheChallengetoDutchTrade 86
2.2 AUnifiedStateCompanyforColonialTrade? 93
2.3 ThevocandtheNavyfromSymbiosistoDivisionofLabour 98
2.4 ThewicbetweenPrivateTradeandStateProtection 107
2.5 EuropeanCommercialDirectoratesasProtectionLobbies 114
2.6 ProtectionCostsandMerchantInterests 123
Conclusions 135
3 Production,Supply,andLabourRelationsattheNavalShipyards 139
3.1 CapitalistRationality,Accounting,andtheNavalRevolution 141
3.2 PersonalNetworksandMarketPractices 148
3.3 DifferentProducts,DifferentSystemsofSupply 154
viii contents
Victuals 154
Wood 158
SmallerSupplies 160
3.4 NavalShipyardsasCentresofProduction 164
3.5 ShipyardsandTheirWorkforce 170
3.6 AdmiraltyBoardsandtheLabourMarket 175
3.7 Combination,Coordination,andControl 184
3.8 OfTime,Theft,andChips 191
3.9 Neptune’sTridentandAthena’sGifts 199
Conclusions 207
4 TroopPayments,MilitarySoliciting,andtheWorldofFinance 210
4.1 FromDisordertoRegulation 213
4.2 AGoldenAgeofMilitarySoliciting 221
4.3 TwoCareersinMilitaryFinance 228
4.4 TheDailyAffairsofaFinancialMiddleman 236
4.5 NetworksofCreditandInfluence 246
4.6 MilitarySolicitingintheAgeofFinancialisation 254
Conclusions 262
5 TheStructuralCrisisoftheFederal-BrokerageState 264
5.1 TheRiseandLimitsofReformAgendas 266
5.2 WarringCompaniesandtheDebateoverFreeTrade 275
5.3 AdmiraltyBoardsattheCentreoftheStorm 283
5.4 FromCitizens’MilitiastotheBatavianLegion 292
5.5 TheAfterlifeoftheFederal-BrokerageState 300
Conclusions 308
Conclusion 310
Annex1.HollandMembersoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard 323
Sources 368
Annex2.ZeelandMembersoftheZeelandAdmiraltyBoard 369
Sources 385
Annex3.IncomeandExpenditureoftheAmsterdamAdmiralty:Steps
fromFiguresin‘Borderel’toReconstruction 386
SourcesandBibliography 387
Index 428
List of Charts and Tables
Charts
2.1 CombinedincomeoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,1681–1794
(guilders) 126
2.2 CombinedexpenditureoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,1681–1794
(guilders) 127
2.3 Operationsandupkeepaspercentageofexpenditure,AmsterdamAdmiralty
Board 132
3.1 WarshipsbuiltattheAmsterdamAdmiraltyshipyard,1661–1780 167
3.2 Returnshipsbuiltatthevoc-shipyard,1661–1780 167
3.3 ExpenditureonwagesbytheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,1775–88
(guilders) 173
4.1 Holland’smonthlyex-anteexpensesontrooppayments,1644–1785
(guilders) 214
4.2 Trooppaymentsaspercentageofex-antemilitaryexpenditure,1644–1785 215
4.3 MoneyreceivedbyGebhardtthroughlettersofexchange,February
1702–August1704(threemonthlymovingaverages) 238
4.4 InterestpaymentreceivedbyGebhardtoveradvancesduringtheNineYears’
War 240
Tables
1.1 NumberofrepresentativesofeachprovinceinthefiveAdmiraltyBoards 62
1.2 PoliticaltiesofmembersoftheAdmiraltyBoards 63
1.3 WealthandconnectionsofAmsterdamAdmiraltycouncilors 65
1.4 RevolutionarycrisesintheDutchRepublic 72
2.1 StrengthandcompositionoftheDutchfleet,1653 87
2.2 Costsofhiringfifteenmerchant-men,1642(inguilders) 91
2.3 ContributionsofvoctoAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard(1681–1794) 103
2.4 vocwarfareinAsia(1602–1785) 105
2.5 Estimateofwicincome,expenditureanddamagedonetotheSpanishand
Portuguese,1623–36(millionsofguilders),basedonfiguresofwic-director
JohannesdeLaet 109
2.6 StatesubsidiesforthewicinBrazil,1645–51 111
2.7 ConvoyingshipsandcruiserssentoutbytheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,
1738 113
x list of charts and tables
2.8 Costandemploymentofthenavyaccordingtothewarbudgetof1628
(excludingFrieslandAdmiraltyBoard) 116
2.9 ArmatureofDutchmerchant-menpresentintheMediterranean,December
1664 118
2.10 MerchantfleetsconvoyedintheBalticareabyDutchsquadrons,1705–11(east-
andwestbound) 121
2.11 Estimatedvaluesofgoodsprotectedbyconvoyof25July1709 122
2.12 TotalincomesofAmsterdam,Zeeland,Rotterdam,andNorthernQuarter
AdmiraltyBoards,1680–1795(millionsofguilders) 128
2.13 TotalexpendituresofAmsterdam,Zeeland,Rotterdam,andNorthernQuarter
AdmiraltyBoards,1680–1795(millionsofguilders) 129
2.14 Ex-anteincomeandexpenditureofthefiveAdmiraltyBoards,1654
(guilders) 131
3.1 Amsterdamnavalexpenditureonselectedgoods,1681–1789(millionsof
guilders) 155
3.2 Largestwood-suppliersoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,March
1778–December1790(thousandsofguilders) 159
3.3 DistributionofsupplierstotheAmsterdamandZeelandAdmiralty
Boards 161
3.4 NumberofshipsbuiltperdecadebytheAmsterdamAdmiraltyshipyard,
RotterdamAdmiraltyshipyard,andthevocshipyard,1661–1780 166
3.5 WorkersandsupervisorsattheAmsterdamnavalshipyardandstorehouse 171
3.6 SumspaidonwagesbythereceivergeneraloftheRotterdamAdmiraltyBoard,
selectedyears(guilders) 175
3.7 Wagesofdifferentcategoriesoflabourersatthenavalshipyard,1781 177
3.8 YearlyincomeofbossesattheAmsterdamnavalshipyardintheeighteenth
century(basedon226workingdays) 189
4.1 Gebhardt’sexpensesontrooppaymentsforanumberofselectedyears 237
4.2 Gebhardt’stenlargestcreditors,1698–1705 251