Wadi Hydrology

368 Pages·2008·7.84 MB·English

by  Zekai Sen

WADI
HYDROLOGY
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WADI
HYDROLOGY
Zekai Şen
Istanbul Technical University
Turkey
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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Sen, Zekâi
Wadi hydrology / Zekai Sen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑6154‑3 (alk. paper)
1. Wadis. 2. Hydrology‑‑Arid regions. 3. Rain‑water (Water‑supply)‑‑Arid
regions. 4. Groundwater recharge‑‑Arid regions. 5. Water resources
development‑‑Arid regions. I. Title.
GB561.S46 2008
551.480915’4‑‑dc22 2008000783
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Dedication
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah the most Merciful
and the most Beneficial
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Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
The.Author................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction.........................................................................................1
1.1. General.Overview............................................................................................1
1.2. Arid.Region.Classification...............................................................................2
1.3. Desertification..................................................................................................3
1.4. Droughts...........................................................................................................6
1.5. Climate.Change.Impacts..................................................................................7
1.6. Wadi.Hydrology.............................................................................................10
1.7. Methodological.Distinctions..........................................................................13
References.................................................................................................................14
Chapter 2 Wadi Characteristics.........................................................................17
2.1. General.Overview..........................................................................................17
2.2. Geomorphology.............................................................................................17
2.3. Soil.and.Landforms........................................................................................21
2.3.1. Alluvial.Fans.......................................................................................22
2.3.2. Alluvial.Fills.......................................................................................23
2.3.3. Sand.Dunes.........................................................................................24
2.3.4. Delta.Deposits.....................................................................................25
2.3.5. Coastal.Plain.Deposits........................................................................26
2.3.6. Sabkhah.(Playa)..................................................................................27
2.4. Rock.Environments.in.Arid.Regions.............................................................27
2.5. Drainage.Basin.Features................................................................................28
2.5.1. Drainage.Area.....................................................................................30
2.5.2. Stream.Slope.......................................................................................30
2.5.3. Drainage.Density................................................................................31
2.5.4. Centroid.Length..................................................................................32
2.5.5. Elevation.Features...............................................................................32
2.6. Time.of.Concentration.....................................................................................34
2.6.1. Average.Time.of.Concentration.Derivation........................................34
References.................................................................................................................36
Chapter 3 Rainfall Pattern.................................................................................37
3.1. General.Overview..........................................................................................37
3.2. Rainfall.Features............................................................................................37
3.3. Temporal.Distribution.of.Rainfall.................................................................39
vii
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viii Wadi Hydrology
3.4. Aridity.Index..................................................................................................42
3.5. Accumulative.Rainfall.Curve.(ARC).............................................................43
3.5.1. Rainfall.Intensity–Duration................................................................45
3.6. Intensity–Duration–Frequency.(IDF).Relationship.......................................48
3.6.1. IDF.Curves.and.PDFs.........................................................................48
3.6.2. Study.Area.and.Data...........................................................................50
3.6.3. Basic.Data.Derivation.........................................................................51
3.6.4. Probability.Distribution.Functions.(PDFs).........................................53
3.6.5. Average.Intensity–Duration.Model.....................................................54
3.6.6. Intensity–Duration–Frequency.Curves...............................................55
3.7. Rainy.and.Nonrainy.Days..............................................................................55
3.7.1. Fractal.Dimension.of.Rainy.and.Nonrainy.Durations........................57
3.8. Rainfall.Distribution.Functions.and.Prediction.............................................63
3.8.1. Frequency.Distribution.......................................................................65
3.8.2. Gamma.PDF.Predictions....................................................................67
3.8.3. Application..........................................................................................68
3.9. Spatial.Distribution.of.Rainfall......................................................................72
3.9.1. Classical.Geometric.Weighting.Functions.........................................73
3.9.2. Arithmetic.Average.............................................................................74
3.9.3. Thiessen.Polygon................................................................................75
3.9.4. Isohyetal.Maps....................................................................................76
3.9.5. Percentage.Weighted.Polygon.(PWP).................................................78
3.9.6. Automated.AAR.Calculation..............................................................81
3.9.6.1. Data.and.Study.Area.............................................................81
3.9.6.2. A.Rapid.Areal.Rainfall.Calculation......................................84
3.9.6.3. Volume.Calculations.............................................................88
3.10. Triple.Variable.Drought.Descriptor...............................................................89
3.10.1.Applications........................................................................................92
3.11. Jordan.Climatology........................................................................................94
References.................................................................................................................99
Chapter 4 Runoff and Hydrograph Analysis..................................................103
4.1. General.Overview........................................................................................103
4.2. Hyetograph–Hydrograph.Relationship........................................................103
4.3. Rating.Curve................................................................................................106
4.4. Critics.of.Conventional.Methods.................................................................108
4.5. Infinitesimal.Runoff.Coefficient.(IRC)........................................................109
4.5.1. Comparison.with.Other.Methodologies............................................110
4.6. Hydrograph.and.Unit.Hydrograph.Derivation.in.Arid.Regions..................120
4.6.1. Temporal.Runoff.Change.with.Rainfall...........................................121
4.6.2. Infiltration.Change.with.Time..........................................................122
4.6.3. Hydrograph.Formulation..................................................................125
4.6.4. Standard.Dimensionless.Unit.Hydrograph.......................................126
4.6.5. Comparison.with.Other.Methodologies............................................126
4.6.6. Application........................................................................................129
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Contents ix
4.7. Modified.Snyder.Synthetic.Hydrograph......................................................132
4.7.1. Peak.Floods.in.Arid.Regions............................................................133
4.7.2. Logical.Phase....................................................................................134
4.7.3. Empirical.Phase................................................................................135
4.7.4. Discharge.Adjustment.......................................................................137
4.8. Dimensionless.Unit.Hydrograph.(DUH).....................................................138
4.8.1. Applications......................................................................................140
4.9. Flood.Estimation.in.Ungauged.Wadis.........................................................144
4.9.1. Area-Flood.Discharge.Method.........................................................145
4.9.2. Kinematics.Wave.Method.of.Flood.Hydrograph..............................150
4.9.2.1. Flood.Hydrograph...............................................................154
4.10. Cross-Section.Flood.Discharge....................................................................155
4.10.1.Control.Cross-Sections.....................................................................157
4.10.2.Discharge–Stage.Relationship..........................................................160
4.11. Curve.Number.and.Manning’s.Coefficient.in.Arid.Regions.......................160
4.11.1.Roughness.Coefficient......................................................................163
4.11.2.Soil.and.Rock.Classifications............................................................164
4.13. Flood.Hazards..............................................................................................166
References...............................................................................................................170
Chapter 5 Groundwater Recharge and Evaluation........................................175
5.1. General.Overview........................................................................................175
5.2. Geology.and.Groundwater...........................................................................175
5.3. Groundwater.and.Recharge..........................................................................176
5.3.1. Transmission.Losses.........................................................................177
5.3.2. Types.of.Recharge.............................................................................178
5.3.3. Recharge.Estimation.Methods..........................................................182
5.3.3.1. Direct.Method.....................................................................183
5.3.3.2. Indirect.Method...................................................................183
5.4. Techniques.for.Groundwater.Recharge.Estimation.....................................183
5.5. Chloride.Mass.Balance.(CMB).Methods.....................................................186
5.5.1. Classical.CMB.Method.....................................................................187
5.5.2. Refined.CMB.Method.......................................................................188
5.5.3. Application........................................................................................191
5.5.4. Recharge.Outcrop.Relation.(ROR)...................................................193
5.6. Environmental.Isotopes...............................................................................197
5.7. Depression.Cone..........................................................................................201
5.8. Discharge.Calculation.in.Large.Diameter.Wells.........................................202
5.9. Aquifer.Tests................................................................................................203
5.9.1. Aquifer.Test.Pitfalls..........................................................................206
5.10. Aquifer.Heterogeneity.and.Methods............................................................207
5.10.1.Slope.Matching.Procedure................................................................208
5.10.2.Field.Applications.............................................................................210
5.11. Type.Straight-Line.Method..........................................................................217
5.11.1.Application........................................................................................221
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