Urban Stormwater Hydrology

275 Pages·4.053 MB·English

Urban
Stormwater
Hydrology
WATER RESOURCES MONOGRAPH SERIES
Water Resources Monograph Series
Volume 1
Synthetic Streamflows
M.B Fiering and B.B. Jackson
Volume 2
Benefit-Cost Analysis for Water System Planning
C.W. Howe
Volume 3
Outdoor Recreation and Water Resources Planning
J.L. Knetsch
Volume 4
Multiobjective Water Resource Planning
D.C. Major
Volume 5
Groundwater Management: The Use of Numerical Models
Y. Bachmat, J. Bredehoeft, B. Andrews, D. Holtz, and S. Sebastian
Volume 6
Metropolitan Water Management
J. Gordon Milliken and Graham C. Taylor
WATERRE SOURCMESO NOGRA7P H
Urban
Stormwater
Hydro!ogy
David F. Kibler,
Editor
AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1982
Published under the aegis of the
American Geophysical Union' s
Water Resources Monograph Board;
John D. Bredehoeft, Chairman; David
Dawdy; Charles W. Howe; Thomas Mad-
dock, III; Helen J. Peters; Eric
Wood
Water Resources Monograph Series
Urban Stormwater Hydrology
David F. Kibler, editor
Copyright 1982 by the
American Geophysical Union
2000 Florida Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20009
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Urban stormwater hydrology.
(Water resources monograph ; 7)
Includes bibliographies.
1. Urban hydrology--Addresses, essays, lectures.
2. Storm sewers--Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Kibler,
D. F. (David F.), 1940- . II. American Geophysical
Union. Urban Hydrology Committee. III. Series.
TC409. U7 628 '. 212 81-12757
ISBN 0-87590-308-0 AACR2
10987 65432
Printed in the United States of America
PREFACE
This monograph has been written over the last 2 years by eight
members of the AGU Urban Hydrology Committee as a means of con-
veying state-of-the-art practices in the expanding field of urban
hydrology and stormwater management. Although numerous refer-
ences to on-going research are cited, the monograph is intended
to serve primarily as a practical guide to methods and models
currently in use to analyze different types of stormwater
management problems. With this objective in mind, the authors
have made a special effort to include examples which help
illustrate the steps in a particular procedure or analysis. The
monograph presumes a basic background in hydrology and makes no
real effort to present conventional procedures which can be found
readily in available hydrology textbooks. However, the detailed
example calculations in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 should assist the
unfamiliar reader in understanding basic hydrologic computations
related to urban rainfall-runoff analysis. Given this coverage,
the monograph should be useful as a reference to practicing
engineers and urban planners as well as to graduate students in
engineering-environmental disciplines with career interests in
the growing field of urban hydrology and stormwater management.
On behalf of the individual chapter authors and the AGU Urban
Hydrology Committee, I wish to express a note of appreciation to
those who have served in a review capacity and helped to bring
this monograph to fruition. In this regard, a special note of
thanks goes to Ben Urbonas of the Denver Urban Drainage and Flood
Control District, David Lystrom and Ernest Cobb of the U.S. Geolo-
gical Survey, and David Dawdy of Northern Technical Services, Inc.
David F. Kibler, Monograph Editor
vii
CONTENTS
Preface vii
1. INTRODUCTION TO URBAN HYDROLOGY AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Jacques W. Delleur
Overview of monograph .................... 1
Urban hydrology and the stormwater problem .......... 4
Historical perspective of urban hydrology .......... 8
Interaction of land use and urban stormwater runoff ..... 9
Stormwater planning in the urban metroplex .......... 19
New directions in urban hydrology and stormwater management . 26
2. RAINFALL FOR URBAN STORMWATER DESIGN
Harry G. Wenzel, Jr.
Introduction ......................... 35
Rainfall data ........................ 36
Depth-duration-frequency analysis .............. 39
Areal effect on point rainfall ................ 47
Design rainfall duration ................... 47
Time distribution of design rainfall ............. 48
Examples of design rainfall development ........... 55
Advantages and disadvantages of design rainfalls ...... 60
Current design rainfall research ............... 61
Alternatives to design rainfall approach ........... 62
Design rainfall for detention storage ............ 63
Rainfall for water quality studies .............. 64
3. RAINFALL ABSTRACTIONS
Gert Aron
Introduction ......................... 69
Interception ......................... 69
Depression storage ...................... 70
Infiltration ......................... 72
SCS method .......................... 79
The (cid:127) index ........................ 82
Importance of losses in urbanized basins-
Effective runoff areas ................... 84
4. DESK-TOP METHODS FOR URBAN STORMWATER CALCULATION
David F. Kibler
Role of desk-top methods in urban stormwater analysis ..... 87
Calder Alley drainage system ................. 88
Rational method for storm drain design ............. 90
Soil Conservation Service composite hydrograph method for
small urban drainage systems (TR 55) ............ 99
Time of concentration in the urban basin ........... 107
Synthetic unit hydrograph methods for urban watersheds .... 113
Summary of desk-top model results .............. 125
Desk-top methods for urban runoff quality .......... 127
5. URBAN RUNOFF PROCESSES
Larry R. Roesner
Introduction ......................... 137
The surface runoff subsystem ................. 144
The transport subsystem .................... 152
6. QUALITY OF URBAN RUNOFF
Larry A. Roesner
Background ......................... 161
Pollutionp otentiaol (cid:127) stormwate..r. ........... 162
Sources of pollutants .................... 165
Entry of pollutants into urban runoff ............ 168
Estimation of the rate of pollutant buildup on urban
watersheds ......................... 175
Washoff of pollutants .................... 178
Washoff from undeveloped land areas ............. 179
Washoff rates for pollutants other than solids ........ 181
Role of the transport system ................. (cid:127)[82
Environmental assessment considerations ............ 184
7. DATA COLLECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION
Marshall E. Jennings
Data collection strategy ................... 189
Types of data and examples .................. 191
Rainfall and other meterological data ............. 191
Streamflow data ....................... 193
Chemical and biological data .............. 194
Land use characteristics ................... 198
Examples of instrumentation in urban stormwater investigations 202
Water quality sampling subsystem ............... 211
Examples of data collection strategy ............. 212
8. OVERVIEW OF URBAN STORMWATERM ODELS
Sterios A. Dendrou
Introduction ......................... 219
Role of urban stormwater models and levels of analysis .... 220
Planning models ....................... 221
Design and analysis models .................. 226
Operation and control models ................. 233
Other models ......................... 235
Comparative stud ies ..................... 240
Data requirements .................... 241
Modecla librationv,a {idationa,n dv erificagion.. ..... 242
9. EXAMPLE MODEL APPLICATIONS
Harry C. Torno
Introduction ......................... 249
Four Mile Run' Planning and analysis ............ 251
Bucyrus, Ohio' Analysis and design ............. 254
Edmonton, Alberta' Analysis and design ........... 255
Bloomington-Normal, Illinois' Planning and analysis ..... 259
Borough of East York (Toronto, Ontario)' Analysis ...... 262
Dorchester Bay' Planning and analysis ............ 263
Other applications ...................... 266
Conclusion .......................... 268
Water Resources Monograph Urban Stormwater Hydrology Vol. 7
INTRODUTCOUT IROBNHA YND ROLOGY
AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
J. W. Delleur
School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
Overview of Monograph
The primary purpose of this monograph is to present in a coher-
ent fashion the state of the art in urban hydrology and stormwater
management. A secondary objective is to communicate recent re-
search findings as they apply to improved methods of analysis of
urban runoff. This monograph attempts to bridge the gap between
current practice and research.
The first chapter is an introduction to urban hydrology and
stormwater management. The effects of urbanization on the quan-
tity and quality of the runoff and the associated problems are
presented in general terms. A brief history of urban hydrology
highlights the progress made during the last decade. The inter-
action of the land use and urban runoff is presented in quanti-
tative terms followed by a brief discussion of urban air quality
since it affects stormwater quality. The chapter closes with a
section on stormwater planning in the urban metroplex which in-
cludes a brief discussion on urban water balance, an introduction
to stormwater and land use models and their use as elements of
urban planning.
Chapter 2 discusses the concept of the 'design storm' which
provides a means of estimating rainfall depth or intensity for a
specified duration and frequency, which in turn can be used in
estimating runoff peaks and volumes. In the early applications
the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships were used
to obtain a rainfall intensity of uniform duration for use with
the rational formula. More recent applications include the
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