Table Of Content

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ تأﺮﻗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺎھﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳدﺎﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ «ﺮﺘﺳإ» ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻤﻟا نأ اﺰﻳﺮﺗ مﻷا ﻦﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﺰھ ﺔﻠﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻞﻛ نإ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﮫﯿﻨﻛﺎﺴﺑ ﻆﺘﻜﺗ ﺎﺘﻜُ ﻠﻛَ ﺬﺋﺪﻨﻋ ﻰﻤﺴﺗُ .ﺎﮫﯿﻓ ﺶﯿﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻌﺑﺮﻣ ماﺪﻗأ 10 ىﻮﺳ ﻪﻳﺪﻟ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ ﺎﮫﺑ ﺪﻗو ﺔﻌﺳﺎﺷ ﺞﻧﺮﻄﺷ ﺔﻌﻗر ﻪﺒﺸﺗ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﮫﻟﺎﯿﺨﺑ ﺖﻓﺎطو ﻞﻛ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ضرﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺻاﺮﺘﻣ تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺖﻤﺴِّ ﻗُ تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻤﻟا هﺬھ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓو ،ماﺪﻗأ 3 بﺮﺿ ماﺪﻗأ 3 ﺎﮫﻨﻣ ٍ .ءﺎﺼﻓﺮﻘُ ﻟا ﺲﻠﺠﻳ ،لﻮﻘﻟا ﺎﻨﻟ زﺎﺟ اذإ ،يﺮﺸﺑ قﺪﯿﺑ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ .ﻚﻟذ لﺎﯿﺣ ﻞﻌﻔﺗ نأ ﺎﮫﻨﻜﻤﻳ اذﺎﻣ ﺎﮫﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻟءﺎﺴﺗو ُ ﺪﻗ «ﺮﺘﺳإ» ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ،اﺮً ﯿﺧأ ﺎﺘﻜﻠﻛ روﺰﺗ نأ ﺎﮫﻟ ﺢﯿﺗأ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو ﺔﺒﻟﺎط ﺖﺤﺒﺻأو ﺎھﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟاو ﺔﻌﺑاﺮﻟا ﺖﻐﻠﺑ .ﺎﯿﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻠﻟ ﺲﺘﺳﻮﺸﺗﺎﺳﺎﻣ ﺪﮫﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﯿﻠﻋ تﺎﺳارد ،ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺎﮫﺘﱠﻠﻗأ ﻲﺘﻟا ةرﺎﯿﺴﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻤﻨﯿﺑو ،ﺎﮫﮫَ ﺟو ﺖﱠﻟو ﺎﻤﻨﻳﺄﻓ ؛ﻦﻈﻟا ﺔﺒﯿﺨﺑ ﻢﮫﺒﻣ رﻮﻌﺷ ﺎﮫﺑﺎﺘﻧا رﺎﺠﺷأ ﻖطﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ - ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺧ تاءﺎﻀﻓ ىﺮﺗ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻞﻛ نذإ ﻦﻳأ .ةرﺎﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﺧ ﺔﻔﺻرأو ﺐﺸﻋُ تﺎﺣﺎﺴﻣو ؟ﺔﯿﻟﺰﮫﻟا ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ حﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﻪﺗرﻮﱠ ﺻ يﺬﻟا سﺆﺒﻟا ﻚﻟذ ؟ﻊﯿﻤﺠﻟا ﺐھذ ﻦﻳأو ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳدﺎﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻮھو فﺮﻌﻳ نﺎﻜﻓ «ﺖﯿﺠﮫﺑأ» ﺎﻣﱠ أ ﻲﻓ نﻮﺸﯿﻌﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻟ .ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺶﯿﻌﻳ ﻦﻳأ ،هﺮﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﯿﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻠﺨﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻊﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﻋاﺪﺘﻣ ﺔﻘﯿﺿ ﻦﻛﺎﺴﻣ ﺎًﺗﺎﻗوأ ﺐﻌﻠﻟا ﻲﻓ نﻮﻀﱡ ﻤﻳُ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻤﺋاد ﻢﮫﻟﺎﻔطأ نﺎﻛو .ﺎﺘﻜﻠﻛ ؛ﺎﮫﯿﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﻛرﺎﺸﻳ ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻳر ﺔﺒﻌﻟ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﻣﺰﮫﻳو ﺔﻠﻳﻮط ﺎﻣ نﺎﻛ ،ﻢﮫﻌﻣ ﻲﻠﺒِ ﻟا ﺐﻌَﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﯿﺑ ﻦﻣ لﺰﻨﻳ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو بﻮﯿﺟ ﻰﻟإ فﺎﻄﻤﻟا ﻪﺑ ﻲﮫﺘﻨﻳ ﻲﻠﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗزﻮﺤﺑ .ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻢﮫﻨﻣ رُ ﺎﻐَﻳ نﺎﻛو .ﺔﺋﺮﺘﮫﻤﻟا ةﺮﯿﺼﻘﻟا ﻢﮫﻠﻳواﺮﺳ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا لاﺰﺘﺧﻻ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟا هﺬھ ﺖﻠظ ﺪﻘﻟ ﻪﺟو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺮﮫظ نأ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺎﻨﻧﺪﻳدَ ﺔﻟﺬَ ﺘﺒﻤﻟا تارﺎﺒﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻣ ﺔﯿﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ نوﺮﮫﻈﻳ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟﺎﻓ ؛ضرﻷا وأ ءﻼﺒﻧ ،ﻦﻳﺮﻣﺎﻐﻣ وأ ﻰﻟﺎﺴﻛُ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺘﻟﺎﺑ بدﻷا ﻲﻓ نوﺮﮫﻈﻳ ﻦﯿﻔﺘﻜﻣ وأ ﻦﻳﺰﺟﺎﻋ ،ﻦﯿﻨﻋﺬﻣ وأ ﻦﯿﺒﺿﺎﻏ ،صﻮﺼﻟ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا جذﺎﻤﻧ نأ ةﺄﺟﺎﻔﻤﻟا ﻞﯿﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺲﯿﻟو .ﻢﮫﺗاوﺬﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﺗ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ ةﺮﻈﻨﻟا هﺬھ ﻊﻣ ﻰﺷﺎﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ اوﺪﺟِ وأ» :ﻞﯿﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻄﯿﺴﺑ ﻎﯿﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻀً ﻳأ ﺢﺟرﻷا ً ﻞﯿﺘﻓ اﻮﻋﺰﻧا» «،نﺎﺴﻧﻹا قﻮﻘﺤﺑ اﻮﻤﺘھا» «،ةﺮﺣ ﺎﻗاﻮﺳأ «،اﺮً ﻘﻓ ﺪﺷﻷا ءﻻﺆﮫﻟ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻻً ﺎﻣ اﻮﺤﻨﻣا» «،ﻻً وأ تﺎﻋاﺮﺼﻟا نإ .ﻪﺑﺎﺷ ﺎﻣو «،ﺔﯿﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﻞﺘﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﺟرﺎﺨﻟا تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟا نإ» ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﮫﻣ ﺐﻧاﻮﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ يﻮﻄﻨﺗ ﺎﮫﻠﻛ رﺎﻜﻓﻷا هﺬھ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟ ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ دﺮﻔﺗُ ﺎﻣ ارً دﺎﻧ ﺎﮫﻨﻜﻟو ،ﺔﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا لﺎﻣآ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻠﻤﺤﻳ ﺎﻤﺑ ،لﺎﺟر وأ ءﺎﺴﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﻳدﺎﻋ وأ رﺎﻜﻓأ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ نﻮﻨﻣﺆﻳ ﺎﻣو ،تﺎﺣﻮﻤطو دﻮﯿﻗ وأ كﻮﻜﺷو ﻰﻠﻋ ،ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺮﮫظ ﺎﻣ اذإو .باﺮﻄﺿا ﻦﻣ ﻢھءارآ ﺐﯿﺼﻳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯿﻣارد صﻮﺨﺸﻛ ﻚﻟذ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ ةدﺎﻌﻓ ،لﺎﺣ ﺔﻳأ ﻲﻓ ﻢھو ،يوﺎﺳﺄﻣ ﺪﮫﺸﻣ وأ ﻢﻤﮫﻟا ﺾﮫﻨﺘﺴﺗ ﺔﻳﺎﻜﺣ ،ءﺎﺛﺮﻟاو ﺔﻘﻔﺸﻟا نﻮﻋﺪﺘﺴﻳ وأ بﺎﺠﻋﻹا نﻮﻋﺰﺘﻨﻳ ﺎﻣإ ﻚﻟذ صﺎﺨﺷﺄﻛ ﻻو ،ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤﻠﻟ رﺪﺼﻤﻛ اﺪً ﺑأ نوﺮﮫﻈﻳ ﻻ ﻢﮫﻨﻜﻟو وأ ﻪﻧوﺪﻳﺮﻳ وأ ﻪﯿﻓ نوﺮﻜﻔﻳ ﺎﻣ لﻮﺣ شﺎﻘﻨﻟا ﻢﮫﻌﻣ لدﺎﺒﺘﻧ .ﻪﻧﻮﻠﻌﻔﻳ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻂﻠﺨﻟا ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﻢﻋﻷا ﺐﻟﺎﻐﻟا ﻲﻓو ،ﺮﯿﺴﯿﻟا رﺰﻨﻟا ﻻإ نﻮﻜﻠﻤﻳ ﻻ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا نﻸﻓ :ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗاو ﻲﻓ هﺎﺒﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﻋﺮﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻤﺛ ﺲﯿﻟ ﻪﻧأ ضﺮﺘﻔﻳُ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ اﺬھ ﻢﮫﻔﻟا ءﻮﺳ نﺈﻓ ،ﻆﺤﻟا ءﻮﺴﻟو .يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻢھدﻮﺟو ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ بﺮﺤﻟا دﻮﮫﺟ ﺎﻣً ﺎﻤﺗ ضﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮھ نإ .ﺔﻄﯿﺴﺑ ﻻً ﻮﻠﺣ ﺪِّﻟﻮﺗُ ﺔﻄﯿﺴﺒﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟا نأ ﻚﻟذو تٍ اﺰﺠﻌﻣ تﺎﺘﻔُ ﺑ شٌ وﺮﻔﻣ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻣ تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﻤﻀﻣ .ﻲﻘﯿﻘﺤﻟا زﺎﺠﻋﻹا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻟإ قﺮْ َﺗ ﻢﻟ ﺎﮫﻧأ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺔﯿﻈﺤﻟ لاﺰﺘﺧا ةدﺎﻋ ﻦﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻟا ﺎﻨﯿﻠﻋ نﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻣً ﺪﻗُ ﻲﻀﻤﻧ ﻰﺘﺣو ﻢﮫﻔﻟ ﺎﻨﻌﺳو ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣ لﺬﺑو ،ﺔﯿﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛ صﻮﺨﺷ ﻲﻓ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺎﻣو تاﺪﯿﻘﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﮫﻔﻨﺘﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻜﺑ ﺎﯿﻘﯿﻘﺣ ﺎﻤﮫﻓ ﻢﮫﺗﺎﯿﺣ ﺲﻤﺨﻟا ىﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻠﻠظ ﺎﻣ ﻮھو .ءاﺮﺛ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺴﺘﺗ .اﺪً ﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ لوﺎﺤﻧ ﺔﯿﺿﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻨﺳ ةﺮﺸﻋ نﺈﻓ ﻦﯿﯿﻤﻳدﺎﻛﻷا ﻢﻈﻌﻣ لﺎﺣ ﻮھ ﺎﻤﻛو ،نﺎﯿﻤﻳدﺎﻛأ ﺎﻨﻧإ .تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻨﻟا نﺎﻌﻣإو تﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ ﻮھ ﺎﻨﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻨﻧأ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ نﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻠﻄﺿا يﺬﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺔﻌﯿﺒط ﻦﻜﻟو ﻦﺤﻧو ،ﺔﻠﻳﻮط تاﻮﻨﺳ ىﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋو ،ارً ﻮﮫﺷ ﺎﻀﻳأ ﺎﻨﯿﻀﻣأ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺮﯿﻏ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ءﺎﻄﺸﻧ ﻊﻣ ضرﻷا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻧ ﻲﺤﺼﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻦﯿﻠﻣﺎﻋو ﻦﯿﯿﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻦﯿﻔظﻮﻣو ﻰﻟإ ﻚﻟذ ﺎﻧدﺎﻗ ﺪﻗو .ﺮﻐﺼﻟا ﺔﯿھﺎﻨﺘﻣ ضوﺮﻘﻟا ﻲﺤﻧﺎﻣو ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻷا حﺮﻄﻧ ﻰﺘﺣ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺶﯿﻌﻳ ﺚﯿﺣ ﺔﻘﯿﻀﻟا ﺔﻗزﻷا ﻻﻮﻟ رﻮﻨﻟا ىﺮﯿﻟ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا اﺬھ ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟو .تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺶﺘﻔﻧو ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﻢھﺎﻨﯿﻘﺘﻟا ﻦﻳﺬﻟا صﺎﺨﺷﻷا ﺎﻧءازإ هاﺪﺑأ يﺬﻟا ﻒﻄﻠُ ﻟا ﻞُ ﺤﻧ ﺎﻣ ةدﺎﻋ ﺎﻨﻛ ﺎﻨﻧأ ﻢﻏر فﻮﯿﻀﻛ ﺎﻤﺋاد ﺎﻨﻧﻮﻠﻣﺎﻌﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻨﺘﻠﺌﺳأ ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﺒﯿﺠﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛو ،ﺪﻋﻮﻣ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻼﺑ ﻢﮫﯿﻠﻋ اﻮﺼﱡ ﻗو ؛ﺎھﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻢﮫﯿﻠﻋ ﺲﺒﺘﻠﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ةﺎﻧأو ﺮﺒﺼﺑ (1).ﻢﮫﺗﺎﻳﺎﻜﺣ ﻦﻣ اﺮً ﯿﺜﻛ ﺎﻨﯿﻠﻋ تﺎﻳﺎﻜﺤﻟا هﺬھ ﺪﯿﻌﺘﺴﻧ ﺎﻨﺣرو ،ﺎﻨﺒﺗﺎﻜﻣ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻧﺪﻋ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋو رﺎﮫﺒﻧﻻا ﺎﻧاﺮﺘﻋا نأ ﻻإ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ،تﺎﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﻌﻤﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻠﺤﻧو ﻪﻌﻤﺴﻧ ﺎﻨﻛ ﺎﻣ لﺎﺧدإ لوﺎﺤﻧ ﻦﺤﻧو ﺎﻌً ﻣ نٍ آ ﻲﻓ كﺎﺒﺗرﻻاو نﻮﻳﻮﻤﻨﺘﻟا نﻮﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا دﺎﺘﻋا ﺔﻄﯿﺴﺑ جذﺎﻤﻧ ﻦﻤﺿ هاﺮﻧو ﻲﻓ ﺎًﺒﻳرﺪﺗ اﻮﻘﻠﺗ وأ نﻮﯿﺑﺮﻏ ﺎﻣإ ﺎًﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻢھو) نﻮﻓﺮﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﮫﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘﺳﻻا تﺎﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا عﺎﻨﺻو (بﺮﻐﻟا ﻞﯿﻟﺪﻟا ﻞﻘَ ِﺛ نﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ةدﺎﻋو .ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا نﺄﺸﺑ ﺮﯿﻜﻔﺘﻟا ﻢﮫﯿﻠﻋ وأ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎھﺎﻨﺒﻠﺟ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﯿﺿﺮﻔﻟا ﻢﯿﯿﻘﺗ ةدﺎﻋإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻤﻏﺮﻳ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﻌﻔﻧ ﻻأ لوﺎﺤﻧ ﺎﻨﻛ ﺎﻨﱠ ﻜﻟو .ﺔً ﻠﻤﺟ ﺎﮫﻨﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻟا ﻰﺘﺣ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻳ ﻒﯿﻛو ﺎﮫﻠﺸﻓ ءارو ﺐﺒﺴﻟا ﺎﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻢﮫﻔﻧ نأ ﻞﺒﻗ اﺬھ نإ .ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻞﻀﻓأ ﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻣ مﺪﻘﺗ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮫﺘﺌﯿﮫﺗ ﺎﻨﺘﻟوﺎﺤﻣ ﺪﺴﺠﻳُ و ؛تﺎﻌطﺎﻘﺘﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻖﺜﺒﻨﻳ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﺎﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ مﺪﻘﺗ ﺔﻜﺳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﺼﻗ ﺔﻏﺎﯿﺻ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﯿﻣاﺮﻟا .ﻢﮫﺗﺎﯿﺣ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺎﮫﺑ ﺶﯿﻌﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻜﻠﻟ لﻮﺣ ﻦﯿﻣﺪﻌﻤﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨھ ﺎﻧﺰﯿﻛﺮﺗ ﺐﺼﻨﻳو ﺔﻟود ﻦﯿﺴﻤﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻂﺧ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ نﻷو .ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻳﺪﻨھ ﺔﯿﺑور 16 ﻮھ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ءاﺮﻘﻓ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﺎﮫﯿﻓ ﺶﯿﻌﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻦﻳﺬﻟا صﺎﺨﺷﻷا نﺈﻓ ،(2)مﻮﯿﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا ﺺﺨﺸﻠﻟ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻓ ءاﺮﻘﻓ نوﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳُ ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻧدأ ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﺸﯿﻌﻳ 16 نﺈﻓ ،ﻲﻟﺎﺤﻟا فﺮﺼﻟا ﺮﻌﺳ ﺐﺴﺤﺑو .ﻢﮫﻧاﺪﻠﺑ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺣ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا نﻷ اﺮً ﻈﻧو ﻪﻨﻜﻟ .ﺎﯿﻜﻳﺮﻣأ ﺎﺘً ﻨﺳ 36 يوﺎﺴﺗ ﺔﯿﺑور ﻲﻓ ﺎﮫﺗاﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗأ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﯿﻣﺎﻨﻟا لوﺪﻟا ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧوﺮﺘﺸﻳ ﺎﻣ اوﺮﺘﺷا اذإ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا نﺈﻓ ،ﺔﯿﻨﻐﻟا لوﺪﻟا ،ﺔﯿﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا رﺎﻌﺳﻷﺎﺑ 99 يأ - ﻚﻟذ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ اﻮﻘﻔﻨﻳ نأ ﻢﮫﯿﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﻌﺘﻳ فﻮﺴﻓ ﻞﯿﺨﺘﺗ نأ ﻚﯿﻠﻋ ،ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ةﺎﯿﺣ ﻞﯿﺨﺘﺗ ﻰﺘﺤﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟو .ﺎﺘً ﻨﺳ ﺎﺘً ﻨﺳ 99 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﺘﺳدﻮﻣ وأ ﻲﻣﺎﯿﻣ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺶﯿﻌﺗ ﻚﻧأ اﺪﻋ) ﺎًﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺔﯿﻣﻮﯿﻟا ﻚﺗﺎﯿﺟﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ ﺎﮫﺑ ﺮﺑﺪﺗُ نأو مﻮﯿﻟا ﻲﻓ ،ﻼً ﺜﻣ ،ﺪﻨﮫﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻞﮫﺴﻟا ﺮﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﻚﻟذ ﺲﯿﻟو .(ﻦﻜﺴﻟا ﺔﺴﻤﺧ ﻚﻟ يﺮﺘﺸﺗ فﻮﺳ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻟا ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ةﺮظﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻤﯿﻘﻟﺎﻓ ﻦﻣ لﺎطرأ 3 ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ وأ ﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا زﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻌً ﺒﺻإ ﺮﺸﻋ ؟ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺶﯿﻌﻳ نأ ﺪﺣﻷ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻞﮫﻓ .ةدﻮﺠﻟا ءيدر زرﻷا 13) ﺺﺨﺷ نﻮﯿﻠﻣ 865 كﺎﻨھ نﺎﻛ ،2005 مﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓو ﻪﻨﻜﻟ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﺸﯿﻌﻳ (ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا نﺎﻜﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺋﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ .ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ءﺎﺟرأ ﻲﻓ اﻮﻐﻠﺑ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا صﺎﺨﺷﻷا نأ ﻮھ ﺎﻨھ هﺎﺒﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﻋﺮﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ءﻲﺷ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣً ﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻨﻧﻮﮫﺒﺸﻳ ﺎﻤﻧإ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻚﻟذ ؛ﺎﮫﺗاذ ﻒﻌﻀﻟا طﺎﻘﻧو تﺎﺒﻏﺮﻟا ﻢھﺮطﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﺤﻨﻓ ؛ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ،ﻦﻈﻟا ﻪﯿﻟإ ﺐھﺬﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺎﻣً ﺎﻤﺗ ﺾﯿﻘﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو ،ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟاو ﻻإ نﻮﻜﻠﻤﻳ ﻻ ﻢﮫﻧﻮﻜﻟو ﻞﺑ .ﻢھﺮﯿﻏ ﻦﻣ اﺪً ﺷر ﻞﻗﺄﺑ اﻮﺴﯿﻟ ﺎﺜً ﺤﺑ ﻢﮫﺗارﺎﯿﺧ نﻮﻠﺘﻘﻳ ﻢھﺪﺠﻧ ﺎﻣ ﺎًﺒﻟﺎﻏو ،ﺮﯿﺴﯿﻟا رﺰﻨﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗا اﻮﻧﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻢﮫﯿﻠﻋ نﺈﻓ ؛ اﺮً ﯿﻜﻔﺗو ﺪﯿﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ اﻮﻘﺒﻳ ﻲﻜﻟ ﻻإ ءﻲﺸﻟ ﻻ ،ﻲﻋﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﯿﻟﺎﻋ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻢﮫﺗﺎﯿﺣ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺎﻨﺗﺎﯿﺣ ﻦﻜﻟ .ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا ﻮھو ،سﻮﺴﻟا قﺮﻋ بوﺮﺸﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺔﯿﻟﻮﺤﻜﻟا تﺎﺑوﺮﺸﻤﻟا ﺎھﺮﺒﺘﻌﻧ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺎﻨﺗﺎﯿﺣ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﺑ ﺎﻘً ﯿﺛو ﻻً ﺎﺼﺗا ﻞﺼﺘﻳ ﺮﻣأ .ﺎﮫﻧﺄﺸﺑ ﺮﻜﻔﻧ ﺎﻣ ارً دﺎﻧو ﺔﯿﮫﻳﺪﺑ تﺎﻤﱠﻠﺴﻣ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ نأ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ مﻮﯿﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﺘً ﻨﺳ 99 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺶﯿﻌﻟا نإ ﻒﺤﺼﻟﺎﻓ - ةدوﺪﺤﻣ تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﺗرﺪﻗ وأ ﺎﮫﯿﻟإ لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻒﻠﻜﻳ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو ﺎﮫﻠﻛ ﺐﺘﻜﻟاو نﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺘﻟاو ﻖﺋﺎﻘﺣ ﺎًﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻞﮫﺠﺗ ﻚﻠﻌﺠﯿﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻮھو - ﻻً ﺎﻣ ﺎھؤﺎﻨﺘﻗا نأ ﻞﯿﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ،تﺎﯿﮫﻳﺪﺒﻛ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا نﺎﻜﺳ ﺔﯿﻘﺑ ﺎﮫﻤﻠﻌﻳ ﺔﻨﯿﻌﻣ .ﺔﺒﺼﺤﻟا ضﺮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻠﻔط ﻲﻘﺗ نأ ﺎﮫﻨﻜﻤﻳ تﺎﺣﺎﻘﻠﻟا ﻪﺗﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻦﺒﺗُ ﻢﻟ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺶﯿﻌﺗ نأ ﺎﻀﻳأ ﻲﻨﻌﻳو ﻦﻣ ﻚﻋد ،ﺎًﺒﺗار نﻮﻘﻠﺘﻳ ﻻ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻢﻈﻌﻤﻓ ؛ﻚﻠﺜﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻟ .ﺐﺗاﺮﻟا اﺬھ ﻦﻣ ﺎًﯿﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﻄﺘﻘﻳُ يﺪﻋﺎﻘﺗ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﺑ اﻮﻈﺤﻳ نأ ﻦﻣ اﺮً ﯿﺜﻛ يﻮﺤﺗ ﻖﺋﺎﺛو نﺄﺸﺑ تاراﺮﻗ ﺬﺨﺘَﺗ نأ ﻲﻨﻌﻳو ﺔﻗرو ةءاﺮﻗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ ﺖﻧأ ﺎﻤﯿﻓ ﺔﻘﯿﻗﺪﻟا ﻞﯿﺻﺎﻔﺘﻟا نذإ ﻪﻠﻌﻔﻳ نأ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣ .ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ فﺮﺣﺄﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﺒﻄﻣ ﻲﻄﻐﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺤﺻ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ءازإ ةءاﺮﻘﻟا ﻞﮫﺠﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ٍ ﻖﻄﻨﻟا ﻰﺘﺣ ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا ضاﺮﻣﻷا ﻦﻣ اﺮً ﯿﺜﻛ ﺖﻳﻮﺼﺘﻠﻟ عاﺮﺘﻗﻻا ﺰﻛاﺮﻤﻟ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻟا ﺎﻀً ﻳأ ﻲﻨﻌﻳو ؟ﺎﮫﺋﺎﻤﺳﺄﺑ ﻪﻧأ ﻮھ ﻲﺳﺎﯿﺴﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻚﺗاﺮﺒﺧ عﺎﻤﺟِ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻤﯿﻓ نﻮﻜﻳ ﻻأ ﻲﻨﻌﻳو ؛ﺎﮫﺑُ ﺎﺤﺻأ ﺎﮫﺑ ﻲﻔﻳ ﻻ دﻮﻋو ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﯿﻨﺠﯿﺳ ﺎﻣ نﻷ ؛ﻚﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﯿﻓ ﺮﺧﺪﺗ ﻦﻣآ نﺎﻜﻣ ﻚﻳﺪﻟ .ﺎﮫﻟ ﻪﺗرادإ ﺔﻔﻠﻛ ﻲﻄﻐﻳ ﻦﻟ ﺔﻠﯿﺌﻀﻟا ﻚﺗاﺮﺧﺪﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻨﺒﻟا .ﻚﯿﻟاود اﺬﻜھو ﻦﻣ ىﻮﺼﻘﻟا ةﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ نأ ﺎﻨً ﻤﺿ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻪﻠﻛ اﺬھو جﺎﺘﺤﻳ ﺮﻣأ ﻮھ ﻢھﺮﺳأ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﻤﺿو ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا تارﺪﻗ نﺈﻓ ،ﺾﯿﻘﻨﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو .ةدارﻹا ةﻮﻗو ةرﺎﮫﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ اﺮً ﯿﺒﻛ ارً ﺪﻗ ﺔﻄﯿﺴﺒﻟا ءﺎﻄﺧﻷاو ةﺮﯿﻐﺼﻟا ﻖﺋاﻮﻌﻟاو ﺔﻠﯿﺌﻀﻟا ﻒﯿﻟﺎﻜﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﺛﻷا ﺔﻘﯿﻤﻋ وﺪﺒﺗ ﺎﮫﻣﺎﻣأ ﻼً ﻳﻮط ﺎﻨﻤﻈﻌﻣ ﻒﻘﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا .ﻢﮫﺗﺎﯿﺣ ،ﻞﮫﺴﻟا ﺮﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﺲﯿﻟ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻦﺛاﺮﺑ ﻦﻣ تﻼﻓﻹا نإ ﻢﻌﻧ ﻞﯿﻠﻗ رﺪﻗ ﻊﻣ ﻖﻓاﺮﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻚﻟذ ﺔﯿﻧﺎﻜﻣﺈﺑ سﺎﺴﺣﻹا ﻦﻜﻟ ﻞﺜﻣ) ةﺪﻳﺪﺴﻟا ﺎﮫﺘﮫﺟو بﻮﺻ ﺔﮫﺟﻮﻤﻟا تاﺪﻋﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﻘﺤﻳ نأ ﺎًﻧﺎﯿﺣأ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﻳ (ﻂﯿﺴﺑ ﺰﻔﺤﻣ وأ ﺔﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﻏ تﺎﻌﻗﻮﺘﻟا نﺈﻓ ،ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﯿﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻣو .ﺔﺸھﺪﻣو ةﺮﯿﺒﻛ ،ﺔﺟﺎﺤﻟا ﺎﮫﯿﻟإ ﺲﻤﺗ ﺎﻤﺜﯿﺣ ﺔﻘﺜﻟا ماﺪﻌﻧاو ،ﺔﻤﺋﻼﻤﻟا ارً ﻮﻣأ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻨﯿھ ﺎھﺮھﺎظ ﻲﻓ وﺪﺒﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻖﺋاﻮﻌﻟاو ﱠ ﺎﮫﻨﻜﻤﻳ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﻓاﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺪﺣاو ﺔﻄﻐﺿ نإ .ﺔﻜﻠﮫﻣ ﻦﻳأ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺐﻌُ ﺼَﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺎًﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻪﻧأ ﺪﯿﺑ ، ﻼً ﺋﺎھ ﺎﻗً رﺎﻓ ﻊﻨﺼﺗ نأ ﻻ ﻪﻧأ ﻲﻠﺠﻟا ﻦﻤﻓ ،ﻪﻠﻛ ﻚﻟذ قﻮﻓو .ﺔﻌﻓاﺮﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﺪﺟﻮﺗ .ﺎﮫﻌﯿﻤﺟ تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﻞﺣ ﺎﮫﻨﻜﻤﻳ ةﺪﺣاو ﺔﻌﻓار ﺪﺟﻮﺗ ﻚﻟذ لﻮﺣ رﻮﺤﻤﺘﻳ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮھ «ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗا» نإ ةﺎﯿﺤﻟا ﻢﮫﻓ ﻦﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﻳ يﺬﻟا ءاﺮﺜﻟا ﺪﻳﺪﺷ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا تﺎﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا عاﻮﻧأ لﻮﺣ روﺪﻳ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻪﻧإ .ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻪﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻊﯿﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻢﮫﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻧﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻓ ﻞﻛ ﻒﺼﻳو .ﺎﻣ ﺔﻌﻓﺪَ ﻟ ﺔﺟﺎﺤﺑ نﻮﺤﺒﺼﻳ ﻰﺘﻣو ﻦﻳأو فﺎﺸﻜﺘﺳﻻ ﺎﻣ ﻰً ﻌﺴﻣ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا اﺬھ لﻮﺼﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﻧإ .ﺎﮫﯿﻠﻋ ﺐﻠﻐﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟاو ﺔﻘﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﺳﻷا ةﺎﯿﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﯿﺳﺎﺳﻷا ﺐﻧاﻮﺠﻟﺎﺑ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻞﮫﺘﺴﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻠﻌﻔﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣو ؛ﻪﻧوﺮﺘﺸﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ ،صﺎﺨﺷﻸﻟ ةﺎﯿﺣ ﺐﻧاﻮﺟ وأ ،ﻢﮫﺘﺤﺻ لﺎﯿﺣو ،ﻢﮫﻟﺎﻔطأ ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺗ لﺎﯿﺣ نورﺮﻘﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا لﺎﻔطﻷا دﺪﻋ ﻢﻛو ؛ﻢﮫﺋﺎﺑآ وأ ﻢﮫﻟﺎﻔطأ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﯿﻔﯿﻜﻟا ﻒﺻﻮﻟ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻧ ﻚﻟذ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻢﺛ .اﺬﻜھو ؛ﻢﮫﺑﺎﺠﻧإ ﻢﮫﻨﻜﻤﻳ ﻞھ ؛ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا تﺎﺴﺳﺆﻤﻟاو قاﻮﺳﻷا ﺎﮫﺑ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺮطﺎﺨﻤﻟا ﺪﺿ ﻢﮫﺴﻔﻧأ اﻮﻨﻣِّ ﺆﻳو اوﺮﺧﺪﻳو اﻮﺿﺮﺘﻘﻳ نأ ﻰﺘﻣو ،ﻢﮫﻠﺟﻷ تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻪﺑ مﻮﻘﺗ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣو ؟ﺎﮫﻧﻮﮫﺟاﻮﻳ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا دﻮﻌﻳ ،ﺎﮫﻠﻛ ﻪﺗﺎﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﺒﻋو ؟تﺎﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻢﮫﻟﺬﺨﺗ ﻞﺒﺳُ كﺎﻨھ ﻞھ ﻮھو ﻻأ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷا لاﺆﺴﻠﻟ لﻮﺤﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣو ،ﻢﮫﺗﺎﯿﺤﺑ ءﺎﻘﺗرﻼﻟ ﺎﮫﻋﺎﺒﺗا ءاﺮﻘﻔﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﺳً ﺎﺳأ ﻚﻟذ ىﺰَ ﻌﻳُ ﻞھ ؟ﻞﺒﺴﻟا هﺬھ كﻮﻠﺳ ﻦﯿﺑو ﻢﮫﻨﯿﺑ هﺮﻣأ ءﺪﺒﻟا نأ وأ ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ءﺪﺒﻟا ﺎﮫﺒﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﻣو ؟ﻪﻧﻮﺋﺪﺘﺒﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻠﺻاﻮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻤﻜﺗ ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟا ﻦﻜﻟ ﻞﮫﺳ هﺬھ ﺔﻌﯿﺒط سﺎﻨﻟا كرﺪﻳ ﻞھو ؟ﺎﻔّﻠِ ﻜﻣ ﻚﻟذ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻚﻟذ ﺐﻌِّ ﺼﻳُ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻤﻓ ،ﺎﮫﻧﻮﻛرﺪﻳ ﻻ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ اذإو ؟ﺪﺋاﻮﻔﻟا ؟ﻢﮫﯿﻠﻋ روﺪﻳ بﺎﺘﻛ ﻮھ ﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻳﺎﮫﻧ ﻲﻓ «ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗا» نإ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻘﻔﻟا نﻮﺑرﺎﺤﻳ ﻒﯿﻛو ﻢﮫﺗارﺎﯿﺧو ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ةﺎﯿﺣ لﻮﺣ ﻲﺘﻟا بﺎﺒﺳﻷا ،ﻼً ﺜﻣ ،ﻢﮫﻔﻧ نأ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻧﺪﻋﺎﺴﻳ ﻪﻧإ .ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا نﻮﻜﻳ نأ نود ﻦﻜﻟ ،اﺪً ﯿﻔﻣ ﺮﻐﺼﻟا ﻲھﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟا ﻞﻌﺠﺗ بﺎﺒﺳﻷاو ؛ﺎﮫﻧﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻞﻣﺄﻳ ﺾﻌﺒﻟا نﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا ةﺰﺠﻌﻤﻟا ﻮھ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎًﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﺔﻳﺎﮫﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ نﻮﻠﺼﺤﻳ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﻞﻌﺠﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا يﺬﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﻟاو ؛ﻢﮫﻌﻔﻨﺗ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﻢھﺮﻀﺗ ﺔﯿﺤﺻ ﺔﻳﺎﻋر نود ﺮﺧآ ﻮﻠﺗ ﺎﻣً ﺎﻋ ﺔﺳرﺪﻤﻠﻟ نﻮﺒھﺬﻳ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا لﺎﻔطأ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ لﻮﺼﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ءاﺮﻘﻔﻟا ﺐﻏﺮﻳ ﻻ اذﺎﻤﻟو ؛ﺎﺌً ﯿﺷ اﻮﻤﻠﻌﺘﻳ نأ يﺬﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﻟا ﺎﻀً ﻳأ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا ﻒﺸﻜﻳو .ﻲﺤﺻ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﺤﺴﻟا ﻲﺼﻌِ ﻟا ﻦﻣ اﺮً ﯿﺜﻛ ﻞﻌﺟ ﺔﻠﺳ ﻲﻓ مﻮﯿﻟا فﺎﻄﻤﻟا ﺎﮫﺑ ﻰﮫﺘﻨﻳ ﻞﯿﻋﺎﻓﻷا ﻞﻌﻔﺗ طﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻠﻟ اﺮً ﯿﺜﻛ بﺎﺘﻜﻟا قﺮﻄﺘﻳو .ﺔﻠﺷﺎﻔﻟا رﺎﻜﻓﻷا ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﻘﺤﻳ ﺎًﻳﺰﻣر ﺎﻤً ﻋد ﻞﻌﺠﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺎﻣو ،ﻞﻣﻷا ؛ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺘﻟا قﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺴﺤﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻒﯿﻛو ؛ﺔﻳﺰﻣر ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ دﺮﺠﻣ ﺎﻣو ؛ اﺮً ﯿﺜﻛ ﻢﯿﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻞﯿﻠﻘﻟا نﻮﻜﻳ نأ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ اذﺎﻤﻟو ﻚﻟذ قﻮﻓو .ﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺪﯿﺠﻟا ﻒﺋﺎظﻮﻟا ﺔﯿﻤھأ

Translated: Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty PDF

469 Pages·2012·3.222 MB·Arabic

by Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo

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by Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo| 2012| 469 pages| 3.222| Arabic

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Author:	Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo
Publication Year:	2012
ISBN:	2288848
Pages:	469
Language:	Arabic
File Size:	3.222
Format:	PDF
Price:	FREE

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