Table Of ContentSpringer Optimization and Its Applications 78
Ivan V. Sergienko
Topical
Directions of
Informatics
In Memory of V.M. Glushkov
Springer Optimization and Its Applications
VOLUME 78
Managing Editor
Panos M. Pardalos (University of Florida)
Editor–Combinatorial Optimization
Ding-Zhu Du (University of Texas at Dallas)
Advisory Board
J. Birge (University of Chicago)
C.A. Floudas (Princeton University)
F. Giannessi (University of Pisa)
H.D. Sherali (Virginia Polytechnic and State University)
T. Terlaky (Lehigh University)
Y. Ye (Stanford University)
Aims and Scope
Optimization has been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate
during the last few decades. New algorithmic and theoretical techniques
have been developed, the diffusion into other disciplines has proceeded
at a rapid pace, and our knowledge of all aspects of the field has grown
even more profound. At the same time, one of the most striking trends in
optimization is the constantly increasing emphasis on the interdisciplinary
natureofthefield.Optimizationhasbeenabasictoolinallareasofapplied
mathematics, engineering, medicine, economics, and other sciences.
The series Springer Optimization and Its Applications publishes
undergraduate and graduate textbooks, monographs and state-of-the-art
expositoryworkthatfocusonalgorithmsforsolvingoptimizationproblems
and also study applications involving such problems. Some of the topics
covered include nonlinear optimization (convex and nonconvex), network
flow problems, stochastic optimization, optimal control, discrete optimiza-
tion, multiobjective programming, description of software packages,
approximation techniques and heuristic approaches.
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7393
Ivan V. Sergienko
Topical Directions
of Informatics
In Memory of V. M. Glushkov
IvanV.Sergienko
V.M.GlushkovCyberneticsInstitute
NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine
Kiev,Ukraine
ISSN1931-6828 ISSN1931-6836(electronic)
ISBN978-1-4939-0475-4 ISBN978-1-4939-0476-1(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-0476-1
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014933216
MathematicalSubjectClassification(2010):05C90,68R99,90C27,93A30,93A99
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014
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In cherished memory of the academician
Victor Glushkov on the occasion of his
90th birthday.
Preface
The more time has passed since Viktor Mykhailovych Glushkov formulated the
fundamental ideas of the evolution of cybernetics as a science (1950–1960), the
moreconvincedwebecomethathewasafar-sightedscientist.
Itisquiteobviousthatthemethodsofinformatics,includingcomputertechnol-
ogies, made it possible to make a quantum leap in scientific and technological
development. Any branch of science cannot do without computer technologies.
Theyarenecessaryforresearchineconomics,biology,andmedicineaswellasfor
the exploration of space or the world ocean. The Internet demonstrates the capa-
bilities of computer technologies in the development of society. All of this was
predicted by V. M. Glushkov, and that was the reason why he emphasized the
necessityofdesigninghigh-performancecomputersandcomprehensivesoftware.
The best years of Glushkov’s creative work are probably the years he spent at
the Institute of Cybernetics, which now bears his name—at first on Lysogirs’ka
St. and on Nauky Ave. and then in the district of Teremki in the scientific center
built with his participation: from site selection and cornerstone laying to the
voluntarySaturdayworkattheinstitute.
Alongwiththathewasaccomplishingthemaintaskofformingandtrainingan
efficientteamofyoungscientists.Hisskillsandabilitieswerewellknownamong
scientists.AcademicianAnatoliiDorodnitsynwhowasthedirectoroftheComput-
ingCenteroftheAcademyofSciencesoftheUSSR,thefirstcyberneticinstitution
intheUSSR,alsoknewhimwellandnotonlyknewbutalsoassistedhimingaining
hisskills,constantlyhelpedtheinstituteandGlushkov,andactivelysupportedallof
hisideas.
Thatwastimeofinspiration,timeofdeepthoughts,andtimeofimpetuousflight
tothewell-realizedandclearlydefinedaim.Asweunderstandtoday,thataimwas
wonderful. The scientist predicted (or felt) the direction of scientific and techno-
logicaladvanceandplannedsomethingincrediblehalfacenturyago.Heplannedto
move an enormous country, the Soviet Union, to new rails of development and
easily drive into new era where progress will be provided with computer
technologies.
vii
viii Preface
The aim was exceedingly attractive, yet infeasible. Everybody hesitated to tell
that to Viktor Glushkov. But if they had told him, he would hardly have listened
tothem.Hedidn’twanttoknowthat.
Every little step toward his goal was taken with huge efforts, at a heavy cost.
Glushkovhadagreatexperienceinovercomingfatigue,andthefeelingoffrustra-
tionanddiffidencewasinappropriateforhim.
Regrettably, there were too little time to achieve such a goal and too many
pitfalls.
HelivedandworkedandwashappyinKyivfor25yearsand5months.
Glushkov was not only a talented scientist but also a wonderful organizer.
Therarecombinationofenergy,gift,andcourageproducedbrilliantconsequences,
whichbecameamarkedeventnotonlyinthescientificlifeofUkraine.Hemanaged
to interest the whole society in cybernetics. Scientist bravely and unconditionally
assumedresponsibilityforoverallprojectsandnoblyworkedfortheirembodiment.
Glushkov was not a lonely misunderstood genius. This character wasn’t good
for him because it wasn’t convincing enough. His ideas were compelling
and easily taken by others. N. M. Amosov, A. G. Ivakhnenko, O. I. Kukhtenko,
V.S.Mikhalevich,I.I.Lyashko,K.L.Yushchenko,andothersmadeatracktothe
futureinformativesocietysidebysidewithhim.
Today it is very important to forget neither bad nor good, especially good, in
ordernottowastethingsgainedhardlybypredecessorswhoareanunselfishtribeof
romantics that stayed faithful to science under any circumstances. One cannot
neglecttheirexperience.
TheninetiethyearsincethebirthofViktorGlushkovispassingbyandthethirty-
firstyearsincehisdemise.Hepassedawayleavingbehindalotofunrealizedideas.
Everythingthathadbeenplannedinthescientist’sworkswasbeingdeveloped
inmanyscientificcentersoftheworld.
We are going to talk about things happened in the development of informatics
in Ukraine, at the institutes of the Cybernetic Center and other scientific and
educational centers of the country. Despite extremely unfavorable conditions for
scientificworkinthelastfewyears,allbranchesofresearchhavebeensaved.Their
resultsareknowninthescientificworldandillustratedinanumberofpublications.
Let us concentrate our attention on single achievements of Ukrainian cyber-
niticians that concern the evolution of programming theory, mathematical model-
ingofcomplexprocesses,optimizationandcomputingmathematicstheory,design
and use of computer technologies of various appropriations, design of computers,
andvariousengineeringmeans.
The author of this book and his colleagues worked under the direction of
Glushkov for a long time since being students and could make sure that his ideas
areeffective,andpredictionsaboutadistinguishedroleofcomputertechnologiesin
the life of people are longsighted. Glushkov was giving a special attention to the
necessityofdevelopingthetheoryofmathematicalmodelingofcomplexprocesses
thatoccurineconomics,management,biology,soldiery,andotherfieldsofhuman
activity. The last decades have witnessed dramatic scientific and technological
achievements owing to computer technologies used in research of all mentioned
Preface ix
fieldsinvariouscountriesoftheworld.Fundamentalresultswerealsoobtainedby
experts from the Cybernetic Center of the NAS of Ukraine as will be discussed
further.
Inthecourseofdevelopmentofvariouscomputertechnologies(CT)andinfor-
mation technologies (IT), a special role of optimization methods and systems
analysis in solving problems of different kinds (problems with continuous or
discretevariables,problemswithstochasticvariables,problemswithacombination
ofcontinuous,discrete,orrandomvariables)wasdefined.
Thedevelopmentofefficienttechnologiesofdatacollectionandprocessingand
the solution of problems of transcomputational complexity were made possible
owing to the original results obtained by cyberneticians in the fields of modern
computationalmathematics,probabilitytheory,andoptimizationtheoryandowing
to the successful development of various approaches to solving data transfer and
securityproblemsindatatransmissionsystemsanddatabases.
In the last decades special attention has been given to the development of
effective grid systems and telecommunication networks that makes it possible to
makeefficientuseofcomputersandsupercomputersbydistantusers.
Under the direction of Glushkov, a number of computers, complex data
processing systems, and automated systems for controlling complex objects and
processes were developed in our country. Propositions as to the creation of a
nationalautomatedcontrolsystemwereformulatedandjustified.Manyotherpro-
jects were completed. Most of them were the first in the USSR and were highly
rated by experts and public bodies. Noteworthy are the following famous com-
puters: “Kyiv,” “Dnipro,” “Promin,” and MIR computers; ES-1766 computing
system; automated control systems “Lviv” and “Galvanik”; systems DISPLAN
and PROEKT; etc. Most achievements in this field were marked with state prizes
andvariousrewardsinourcountryandabroad.
The Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics does much work to design and
produce computers. In the last 10 years, several supercomputers were designed
andputintooperation,suchasSCITandINPARKOMofvariousmodificationsand
a number of original computer-based devices for studying complex processes in
biology, medicine, agriculture, and various control systems and for collection
and processing of data of various natures. Let us dwell on the recent works done
inthisfield.
The capacity of modern CT and IT is largely determined by the efficiency of
their software. Since the beginning of computer science in Ukraine, considerable
attentionhasbeengiventothedevelopmentofprogrammingtheory(andalgorith-
miclanguages).Itisthisfieldthatwasofpriorityforcyberneticiansandwherethe
worksofGlushkovandhisfollowerswerealwayspioneering.Theachievementsof
the Ukrainian school of programming and approaches to automated design of
computersandautomationsystemsofvariousclasseswillalsobediscussedbelow.
Specialists of the Cybernetic Center institutes have developed many effective
CTandIT.Someofthemwillbedetailedbelow.Inrecentyears,therehasbeena
great contribution to their development by different organizations, including
for-profitbusiness.
