THÈSE Noël Nagy Nabih HANNA Etude aero-acoustique du conduit vocal et des plis vocaux in ...

178 Pages·2015·13.82 MB·French

THÈSE
Pour obtenir le grade de
DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES
préparée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre
l’Université Grenoble Alpes et The University of
New South Wales, Australia

Spécialité : Ingénierie de la cognition, de l'interaction, de
l'apprentissage et de la création
Arrêté ministériel : le 6 janvier 2005 - 7 août 2006

Présentée par
Noël Nagy Nabih HANNA

Thèse dirigée par Nathalie HENRICH BERNARDONI et Joe
WOLFE
codirigée par John SMITH

préparée au sein du Departement Parole et Cognition (DPC) de
GIPSA-lab et le laboratoire Acoustics

dans l’École Doctorale Ingénierie pour La Santé, La Cognition
et l’Environnement (EDISCE) et School of Physics, The
University of New South Wales

Etude aero-acoustique du conduit vocal et
des plis vocaux in vivo, ex vivo et in vitro

Thèse soutenue publiquement le 17 Décembre 2014,
devant le jury composé de :
Professor, Sten, TERNSTRÖM
Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
(Président et Rapporteur)
Professor, Neville, FLETCHER
College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Australian National
University (Rapporteur)
Professor, Malte, KOB
Detmold Hochschule für Musik (Membre)
Chargé de Recherche, Nathalie, HENRICH BERNADONI
CNRS, Gipsa-lab (Membre)
Professor, Joe, WOLFE
School of Physics, The University of New South Wales (Membre)
Associate Professor, John, SMITH
School of Physics, The University of New South Wales (Membre)

Investigations of the acoustics of the vocal tract
and vocal folds in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro

Noel Nagy Nabih Hanna

A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

School of Physics
Faculty of Science
The University of New South Wales, Australia
&
Ecole Doctorale Ingénierie pour La Santé, La Cognition et L’Envrionnement
Université de Grenoble, France

October 2014

Table of Contents
List of Symbols and Abbreviations ................................................................................. i
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................. ix
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xi
Details of Publications .................................................................................................. xv
Résumé de la thèse ...................................................................................................... xvii
Résumé des chapitres ................................................................................................... xix
Abstract ...................................................................................................................... xxiii
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
2 Background & Literature Review .......................................................................... 5
2.1. Anatomy and physiology of the vocal apparatus ..................................................... 5
2.2. Vocal folds .................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Glottal cycle .......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Models of vocal fold oscillation ............................................................................ 9
2.2.3. Mechanical resonances of the vocal folds ........................................................... 10
2.2.4. Pressure-frequency relationship .......................................................................... 12
2.3. The Vocal Tract ......................................................................................................... 13
2.3.1. Modelling the vocal tract .................................................................................... 16
2.3.2. Importance of vocal tract filter ............................................................................ 19
2.3.3. Measuring the acoustic properties of the vocal tract ........................................... 21
2.3.4. Non-rigid vocal tract walls. ................................................................................. 22
2.4. The Subglottal Vocal Tract ...................................................................................... 24
2.4.1. Importance of the subglottal tract ....................................................................... 25
2.4.2. Measurements of the subglottal tract .................................................................. 25
2.4.3. Models of the subglottal tract .............................................................................. 26
2.4.4. Coupling the vocal tract and subglottal vocal tract via the glottis ...................... 26
2.5. The Source-Filter Model .......................................................................................... 27
2.5.1. Overview of linear source-filter model ............................................................... 27
2.5.2. Limitations to the independent source-filter model ............................................ 28
2.5.2.1. Source influences on the filter..................................................................... 28
2.5.2.2. Filter influences on the source .................................................................... 28
2.6. Straw Phonation: Possible Source-Filter Interaction ............................................. 29
3 In Vivo: Energy Losses & Mechanical Resonances of the Vocal Tract ............ 31
3.1. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 31
3.1.1. The subjects ......................................................................................................... 31
3.1.2. Measuring acoustic resonances of the vocal tract ................................................ 31
3.1.3. Experimental protocol ......................................................................................... 32
3.1.4. Adjustments for low frequency and during phonation ........................................ 33
3.2. Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 34
3.2.1. Acoustic resonances of the vocal tract ................................................................. 34
3.2.1.1. Impedance spectrum .................................................................................... 34
3.2.1.2. Comparing the vocal tract with a rigid cylinder .......................................... 36
3.2.1.3. Bandwidth and quality factor ....................................................................... 38
3.2.2. Mechanical resonances and the low frequency model......................................... 40
3.3. Summary .................................................................................................................... 47
4 In Vivo: The Glottis and Subglottal Vocal Tract ................................................ 49
4.1. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 49
4.2. Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 49
4.2.1. High glottal impedance ........................................................................................ 49
4.2.1.1. Measurements during phonation .................................................................. 49
4.2.1.2. Acoustic model of the vocal tract ................................................................ 51
4.2.1.2.1. The impedance of the glottis..................................................................... 51
4.2.1.2.2. The impedance of the subglottal tract ....................................................... 52
4.2.1.3. Comparison of measurement and model impedance from the lips .............. 53
4.2.1.4. The impedance at the vocal folds from the glottis ....................................... 55
4.2.1.4.1. The impedance seen by the glottis ............................................................ 55
4.2.1.4.2. Transfer function estimation ..................................................................... 56
4.2.1.4.3. Implications for closed vowels ................................................................. 57
4.2.2. Low glottal impedance ........................................................................................ 59
4.2.2.1. Measurements during inhalation .................................................................. 59
4.2.2.1. Contribution of subglottal impedance ......................................................... 62
4.2.2.2. Estimation of driving impedance at the vocal folds .................................... 63
4.3. Summary .................................................................................................................... 65
5 Ex Vivo: Phonatory Dynamics of Excised Larynges .......................................... 67
5.1. Material and Methods ............................................................................................... 67
5.1.1. Larynx preparation .............................................................................................. 67
5.1.2. Data acquisition................................................................................................... 70
5.1.3. Experimental protocol ......................................................................................... 71
5.2. Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 72
5.2.1. Assessment of ex vivo laryngeal oscillation ........................................................ 73
5.2.2. Discontinuities and hysteresis ............................................................................. 74
5.2.2.1. Type-A ........................................................................................................ 75
5.2.2.2. Type-B ........................................................................................................ 76
5.2.2.3. Type-C ........................................................................................................ 76
5.2.2.4. Type-D ........................................................................................................ 77
5.2.2.5. Summary and measurement of leap intervals ............................................. 77
5.2.3. Pressure-frequency relationship .......................................................................... 80
5.2.4. Aryepiglottic larynx observations ....................................................................... 85
5.3. Summary .................................................................................................................... 86
6 In Vitro: Source-Filter Interaction ....................................................................... 89
6.1. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 89
6.1.1. In vitro setup ....................................................................................................... 89
6.1.2. Experimental protocol ......................................................................................... 92
6.1.2.1. Trial I .......................................................................................................... 92
6.1.2.2. Trial II ......................................................................................................... 93
6.1.2.3. Trial III ........................................................................................................ 93
6.1.3. Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 93
6.1.4. Acoustic impedance calculations ........................................................................ 93
6.2. Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 94
6.2.1. The P , f relationship ......................................................................................... 94
w 0
6.2.2. Mechanical resonances of the vocal folds ........................................................... 94
6.2.3. Vibratory characteristics in an open vocal tract configuration ........................... 96
6.2.4. Influence of transglottal pressure on f ................................................................ 98
0
6.2.5. Aerodynamic effects ........................................................................................... 99
6.2.6. Acoustic effects ................................................................................................. 102
6.2.6.1. Modelling the impedance on the in vitro vocal fold replica ..................... 102
6.2.6.2. Modelling the impedance on the vocal folds ............................................ 103
6.3. Summary .................................................................................................................. 104
7 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 105
7.1. Summary of Experimental Chapters .................................................................... 105
7.2. Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 107
7.3. Suggestions for Further Work ............................................................................... 109
References .................................................................................................................... 111
Appendix A: Supporting Information....................................................................... 119
Appendix B: Reprints of Articles .............................................................................. 123
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
The following standard and non-standard symbols and abbreviations are used throughout
this thesis.
Ai (A1, A2, …) vocal tract anti-resonance α attenuation coefficient
a, b, c fitting parameters in chapters 5 and 6 α attenuation coefficient for the glottis
g
B (BR1) bandwidth (of resonance R1) αsg attenuation coefficient for the
bA0, bR0 resistance associated with A0 or R0 subglottal tract
Ct tissue compliance Γ complex wavenumber
c speed of sound
Γ wavenumber for the subglottal tract
sg
Fi (F1, F2, …) formant
γ adiabatic constant
f fundamental frequency of phonation
0 η viscosity
f mechanical resonance frequency
m λ wavelength
k spring constant
ρ density
L tissue inertance
t
Φ airflow
l length (of vocal tract)
ω angular frequency
l effective glottal length
g

l effective subglottal length
sg

m mass of vocal tract walls

P pressure

P atmospheric pressure
A

P intra-oral pressure
io

P subglottal pressure
sg

P water pressure in the latex vocal
w

folds

Q (Q ) Quality factor (of resonance R1)
R1

Ri (R1, R2, …) vocal tract resonance

r radius

r effective glottal radius
g

r effective subglottal radius
sg

S inner surface area of the vocal tract

SAi impedance maximum at the lips due

to subglottal tract
SRi impedance minimum at the lips due

to subglottal tract

V volume

v particle velocity

w thickness of vocal tract walls

X cross-sectional area

Z acoustic impedance

Z load acoustic impedance
L

Z acoustic impedance of the vocal tract
vt

Z acoustic impedance of the subglottal
sg

tract

Z acoustic impedance of the glottis
g

|Z| (|Z| ) acoustic impedance
R1

magnitude (of resonance R1)

i