theobroma cacao l.

18 Pages·2015·1.7 MB·English

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH EKSTRAK BIJI KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)
TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA TIKUS PUTIH (RATTUS
NORVEGICUS) JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI ALLOXAN
SEBAGAI AGEN HIPERGLIKEMIK

Oleh:
Pamela Andria Putri Kusuma Sumarauw
201110330311097

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2015
HASIL PENELITIAN
PENGARUH EKSTRAK BIJI KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)
TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA TIKUS PUTIH (RATTUS
NORVEGICUS) JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI ALLOXAN
SEBAGAI AGEN HIPERGLIKEMIK

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
Dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh
Pamela Andria Putri Kusuma Sumarauw
201110330311097

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2015
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KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat
dan rahmat-Nya, penulis telah berhasil menyelesaikan penelitian yang
berjudul“Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Biji Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.) Terhadap
Kualitas Spermatozoa Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus) Jantan Yang Diinduksi
Alloxan Sebagai Agen Hiperglikemik”. Penulisan penelitian ini dilakukan dalam
rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Kedokteran Jurusan
Pendidikan Dokter pada Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan tugas akhir ini jauh dari sempurna,
walaupun demikian penulis telah berusaha semaksimal mungkin serta mendapatkan
bantuan dan bimbingan dari dosen pembimbing dalam rangka penyusunan. Tanpa
bantuan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak, sangatlah tidak mudah menjalani masa
perkuliahan hingga pada penyusunan tugas akhir ini.
Akhir kata penulis berharap semoga penelitian ini dapat menambah wawasan
dan bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.

Malang, Februari 2015

Penulis
DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ......................................................................................... iii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ..................................................... iv
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ............................................................................................. v
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................. vi
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ...................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................................ xi
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................ xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................... xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN.............................................................................................. xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xvii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Tujuan umum ...................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Tujuan khusus ..................................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Manfaat teoritis ................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Manfaat aplikatif ................................................................................ 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 5
2.1 Organ Reproduksi Tikus Jantan ................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Anatomi testis tikus jantan ................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Spermatogenesis …………………………………………………..7
2.1.3 Spermatozoa ........................................................................................ 10
2.2 Pemeriksaan Analisis Semen …………………………………………….12

2.2.1 Pemeriksaaan makroskopis ………………………………………..12
2.2.2 Pemeriksaan mikroskopis .................................................................... 13
2.3 Peroksidasi Lipid Spermatozoa .................................................................... 16
2.4 Diabetes Mellitus ........................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 Definisi ................................................................................................ 17
2.4.2 Klasifikasi ........................................................................................... 18
2.4.2.1 Diabetes mellitus tipe 1 .......................................................... 18
2.4.2.2 Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 .......................................................... 18
2.4.3 Kriteria diagnosis ................................................................................ 18
2.5 Alloxan ........................................................................................................... 19
2.5.1 Definisi ................................................................................................ 19
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2.5.2 Peran alloxan dalam pembentukan ROS ........................................... 19
2.6 Pengaruh Alloxan Terhadap kerusakan spermatozoa ................................. 20
2.7 Theobroma Cacao L. (Kakao) ...................................................................... 21
2.7.1 Taksonomi ............................................................................................ 23
2.7.2 Kandungan gizi biji kakao................................................................... 23
2.7.3 Manfaat biji kakao terhadap sistem reproduksi jantan ...................... 24
2.8Metode Ekstraksi ............................................................................................. 25
2.8.1 Definisi ................................................................................................... 25
2.8.2 Jenis metode ekstraksi ........................................................................... 25
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN .......... 28
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian ................................................................... 28
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................................................ 30
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................................... 31
4.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................... 31
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................................... 31
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ...................................................................................... 31
4.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................................ 31
4.3.2 Sampel .................................................................................................. 31
4.3.3 Besar sampel ........................................................................................ 31
4.3.4 Teknik pengambilan sampel ............................................................... 32
4.3.5 Karakteristik sampel penelitian........................................................... 32
4.3.6 Variabel penelitian ............................................................................... 33
4.3.6.1 Variabel bebas ......................................................................... 33
4.3.6.2 Variabel tergantung ................................................................ 33
4.3.7 Definisi operasional ............................................................................ 33
4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian.............................................................................. 36
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian ......................................................................................... 37
4.6 Kerangka Operasional .................................................................................... 41
4.7 Analisis Data................................................................................................... 42
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ......................................... 43
5.1 Hasil penelitian .............................................................................................. 43
5.1.1 Kadar gula darah .................................................................................. 43
5.1.2 Kualitas spermatozoa ........................................................................... 45
5.2 Analisis data ................................................................................................... 47

5.2.1 Uji normalitas dan homogenitas ......................................................... 47
5.2.2 Analisis one way anova ....................................................................... 49
5.2.3 Analisis post hoc test ........................................................................... 51
5.2.4 Korelasi pearson .................................................................................. 53
5.2.5 Regresi linier sederhana ..................................................................... 54
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................................... 60
6.1 Pembahasan .................................................................................................... 60
6.2 Keterbatasan penelitian .................................................................................. 63
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ....................................................................... 64
7.1 Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................... 64
7.2 Saran……… ................................................................................................... 64
xii
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................... 65
LAMPIRAN……….. .................................................................................................... 73

xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman
1 Gambar hasil penelitian..............................................................................................73
2 Hasil analisis data .......................................................................................................77
3 Dokumentasi Penelitian .............................................................................................90
4 Surat Determinasi Tanaman .......................................................................................91

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