The White Architects of Black Education: Ideology and Power in America, 1865-1954

228 Pages·2001·29.573 MB·English

by  William H. Watkins

1865-1954
America,
in
Watkins
William H.
* -
Foreword by Robin D.G. Kelley

The Teaching for Social Justice Series
William Ayers Therese Quinn
Series Editor Associate Series Editor
Editorial Board: Hal Adams, Barbara Bowman, Lisa Delpit, Michelle Fine,
Maxine Greene, Caroline Heller, Annette Henry, Asa Hilliard, Rashid Khalidi,
Gloria Ladson-Billings, Charles Payne, Mark Perry, Luis Rodriguez,
Jonathan Silin, William Watkins
The White Architects of Black Education:
Ideology and Power in America, 1865-1954
William H. Watkins
The Public Assault on America’s Children:
Poverty, Violence, and Juvenile Injustice
Valerie Polakow, Editor
Construction Sites:
Excavating Race, Class, and Gender Among Urban Youths
Lois Weis and Michelle Fine, Editors
Walking the Color Line:
The Art and Practice of Anti-Racist Teaching
Mark Perry
A
Simple Justice:
The Challenge of Small Schools
William Ayers, Michael Klonsky, and Gabrielle H. Lyon, Editors
Holler If You Hear Me:
The Education of a Teacher and His Students
Gregory Michie
Digitized by the Internet Archive
2016
in
https ://archive.org/dgtails/isbn_9780807740422
The White Architects of
Black Education
IDEOLOGY AND POWER IN AMERICA 1865-1954
,
William H. Watkins
FOREWORD BY ROBIN D. G. KELLEY
JWCHERS
College
spress
Teachers College Columbia University
,
New York and London
Published by Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027
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Copyright © 2001 by Teachers College, Columbia University
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission from the publisher.
Excerpts from The Education ofBlacks in the South, 1860-1935 by James D. Anderson, reprinted
,
©
from The Education ofBlacks in the South, 1860-1935 by James D. Andefson. Copyright 1988
by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher.
Excerpts from Origins ofthe Modern Social Studies Curriculum 1900-1916 by Michael D. Lybarger
,
©
(unpublished doctoral dissertation. University ofWisconsin-Madison), copyright 1981 by Michael
D. Lybarger. Used with permission.
Excerpts from Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism edited by Robert F. Amove (G. K. Hall,
,
1980; reprint, Indiana University Press, 1982), copyright © 1980 by Robert F. Amove. Reprinted
with permission.
Excerpts from The Booker T. Washington Papers reprinted from The Booker T. Washington
Papers, vol. 2, edited by Louis R. Harlan et al., courtesy University of Illinois press.
Excerpts from An American Citizen: The Life of William Baldwin, Jr., by J. Brooks, reprinted by
permission of Ayer Company Publishers.
Excerpts from W. E. B. Du Bois’s writings in The Crisis magazine reprinted with permission. The
author wishes to thank The Crisis Publishing Co., Inc., the publisher of the magazine of the Na-
tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People, for the use of this work.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Watkins, William H. (William Henry), 946—
1
The White architects of Black education ideology and power in America, 1865-1954 /
:
William H. Watkins foreword by Robin D. G. Kelley,
— ;
p. cm. (The teaching for social justice series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
—
ISBN 0-8077-4043-8 (cloth alk. paper) ISBN 0-8077-4042-X (pbk. alk. paper)
— : — — :
1. Afro-Americans Education History 19th century. 2.
— — —
Afro-Americans Education History 20th century. I. Title. II. Series.
LC2741 .W38 2001
—
371.829'96073 dc21 00-053620
ISBN 0-8077-4042-X (paper)
ISBN 0-8077-4043-8 (cloth)
Printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Series Foreword, by William Ayers and Therese Quinn ix
Foreword, by Robin D. G. Kelley xi
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction
1
Overview ofBook 3
Politicizing Black Education 6
PARTI: HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Toward a Political Sociology of Black Education 9
1
Ideology and Education in the Industrial Order 9
Reform and Charity in Race Philanthropy 15
Corporate Philanthropy: Making Public Policy 18
Educating Blacks: Power, Politics, and Reality 22
2 “Scientific” Racism 24
An Overview of “Scientific ” Racism 24
The Eugenics Movement 35
Scientific Racism and Black Education Retrospects and Prospects 39
:
PART ARCHITECTS OF ACCOMMODATION
II:
3 General Samuel Chapman Armstrong 43
Early Life 45
The Hampton Institute 47
Armstrong on Politics, Race, and Education 52
Armstrong's Legacy 60
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CONTENTS
vi
y
4 The Social, Racial, and Educational Ideas
of Professor Franklin H. Giddings 62
* *
Early Years 62
Influence ofHerbert Spencer 63
On the Social Order 64
Joining the Physical World to Political Sociology 69
On Capitalism and Competition 70
On Race, Society, and Public Policy 72
'
On Education 77
Giddings’s Impact 79
5 The Phelps Stokes Family, Friends, and Fund:
Adventures in Philanthropy 81
Toward a New Philanthropy 82
Charity Ideology: A Family Portrait 83
Introducing James G. Phelps Stokes: Missionary Ideologist 87
The Phelps Stokes Fund 90
Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr.: Aristocrat, “Yalie,” Reverend 91
6 Thomas Jesse Jones: “Evil Genius of the Black Race” 98
Comes a Welshman: The Early Years 98
The Emergent Social Science Movement 99
Forming an Ideology: The Further Education ofThomas Jesse Jones 101
The Hampton Experience 105
On to the Phelps Stokes Fund 109
Exploring a Decade ofJones’s Writings
1 1
DuBois’s Opposition to Jones 1 14
Thomas Jesse Jones: “Champion ” ofNegro Education
or Colonial Educator? 16
1
7 Rockefellers and Their Associates: For the “Promotion of Education
Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed” 118
John D. Rockefeller, Sr. 119
Rockefeller Junior: Expanding Family Horizons 120
Frederick T. Gates 123
Dr. Wallace Buttrick 125
The General Education Board 127
The Rockefellers in Negro Education and New Philanthropy 133
N
’
V
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CONTENTS
vii
8 Ogden and Baldwin: Northern Businessmen in Negro Education 136
Robert Curtis Ogden: “The Unofficial Statesman” 136
The Conferencesfor Education in the South 144
Ogden and Black Education 149
William Henry Baldwin: Racial and Racist Educator 154
Concluding Observations 159
9 J. L. M. Curry 161
Origins and Background 162
Framing an Ideological Platform 164
The Confederacy and Civil War Activities 166
Ideology in the New Social Order 168
From Politics to Education: On to Peabody 69
1
J. L. M. Curry: Southern Educator, Racial Educator 174
Conclusion: Thoughts and Afterthoughts 179
*
References 85
1
Supplementary Readings 193
Index 20
About the Author 208
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