The Phonology of Catalan

400 Pages·2005·5.044 MB·Phonology of the World's Languages

by  Max W. Wheeler

The Phonology of Catalan
THE PHONOLOGY OF THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES
GeneralEditor:JacquesDurand
Published
ThePhonologyofDanish
HansBasbøll
ThePhonologyofDutch
GeertBooij
ThePhonologyofStandardChinese
SanDuanmu
ThePhonologyofEnglish
MichaelHammond
ThePhonologyofNorwegian
GjertKristoVersen
ThePhonologyofPortuguese
MariaHelenaMateusandErnestod’Andrade
ThePhonologyandMorphologyofKimatuumbi
DavidOdden
TheLexicalPhonologyofSlovak
JerzyRubach
ThePhonologyofHungarian
Pe´terSipta´randMiklo´sTo¨rkenczy
ThePhonologyofMongolian
Jan-OlofSvantesson,AnnaTsendina,AnastasiaKarlsson,andVivanFranze´n
ThePhonologyofArmenian
BertVaux
ThePhonologyandMorphologyofArabic
JanetWatson
ThePhonologyofCatalan
MaxW.Wheeler
ThePhonologyofGerman
RichardWiese
Inpreparation
ThePhonologyofTamil
PrathimaChristdas
ThePhonologyofPolish
EdmundGussman
ThePhonologyofSpanish
IggyRoca
THE
PHONOLOGY
OF
CATALAN
Max W. Wheeler
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp
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ThephonologyofCatalan/MaxW.Wheeler
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences
ISBN0-19-925814-7(alk.paper)
1.Catalanlanguage–Phonology.I.Title
PC3828.W442005
449’.915–dc22 2004066291
TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
onacid-freepaperby
BiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn
ISBN0-19-925814-7 978-0-19-925814-7
13579108642
CONTENTS
Preface x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 TheCatalanlanguage:itsvarietiesandstandard(s) 1
1.2 Theoreticalassumptionsandframework 3
1.3 Outlineofcontents 5
1.4 Guidancenotes 6
1.4.1 Orthography 6
1.4.2 Transcriptionsandglosses 8
1.4.3 Abbreviationsinglosses 8
1.4.4 AnoteonCatalansurnames 8
2 PHONOLOGICAL PRIMITIVES AND SEGMENT
INVENTORIES 10
2.1 Consonantinventoryandcontrasts 10
2.1.1 Plosives 10
2.1.2 AVricates 11
2.1.3 Fricatives 13
2.1.3.1 Labiodentalfricative 13
2.1.3.2 Alveolo-palatalfricatives 13
2.1.3.3 Relationbetweenalveolo-palatalfricatives
andaVricates 15
2.1.3.4 Interpretationsof[S] 22
2.1.3.5 Dorso-palatalfricative[Œ] 22
2.1.3.6 Varietieswithoutvoicedstridentphonemes 23
2.1.4 Nasals 24
2.1.5 Glides(semivowels) 24
2.1.6 Rhotics 24
2.1.6.1 Distributionofrhotictypes 24
2.1.6.2 Interpretationsofrhoticdistribution 26
2.1.7 Laterals 34
2.1.7.1 Alveolarlateral 34
2.1.7.2 Alveolo-palatallateral 34
2.1.8 Placeincoronals 36
2.1.9 Contrastinggeminateconsonants 36
vi contents
2.2 Vowelinventory 37
2.2.1 Stressedvowelcontrasts 37
2.2.1.1 Gapsinthedistributionofmidfrontvowels
incentralCatalan 38
2.2.1.2 Mascaro´’slaw 41
2.2.1.3 Instabilityinthelexicalincidenceof
half-closeandhalf-openmidvowels 45
2.3 Vowelreduction 52
2.3.1 Introduction 52
2.3.2 VowelreductioninwesternCatalan 52
2.3.3 VowelreductioninMajorcan 53
2.3.4 VowelreductionineasternCatalan,exceptMajorcan 54
2.3.5 TheinterpretationofCatalanvowelreduction 55
2.3.6 Excluding[E,O]fromunstressedsyllables 56
2.3.7 BasicvowelreductionineasternCatalan 57
2.3.8 BasicvowelreductioninMajorcan 60
2.3.9 ExceptionstoeasternCatalanvowelreduction,
1:*[@(cid:1)a],*[(cid:1)a@],*[@@] 61
2.3.10 ExceptionstoeasternCatalanvowelreduction,2:
adjacentmidvowels 65
2.3.11 ExceptionstoeasternCatalanvowelreduction,3:
post-tonic[e],[o] 70
2.3.12 Furthernon-reductionofunstressed[e]inMajorca 73
3 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE 78
3.1 Onsets 78
3.1.1 Onset-drivenresyllabiWcation 84
3.2 ThesyllabiWcationofvocoids 88
3.2.1 Introduction 88
3.2.2 DefaultsyllabiWcationofhighvocoidswithinwords 88
3.2.3 Highvocoidsfollowingothervocoids 90
3.2.3.1 Stressedvowelþhighvowelhiatus 91
3.2.3.2 Hiatusbefore‘underlying’stress 92
3.2.3.3 Unstressedvowelfollowedbyunstressedhighvocoid 96
3.2.4 Highvocoidsprecedingothervocoids 99
3.2.4.1 Labio-velarobstruents? 100
3.2.4.2 Otherpost-consonantalhighvocoids
followedbynon-highvocoids 102
3.2.4.3 Vocoidsequencesofrisingsonorityinrelation
towordstress 103
3.2.4.4 Highvocoidfollowedbystressednon-high
vocoidininitialsyllable 105
3.2.4.5 Word-initialpretonicsequencesofrisingsonority 109
contents vii
3.2.4.6 Initialpre-pretonicsequencesofrisingsonority 109
3.2.4.7 Non-initialsequencesofrisingsonority,
withsecondelementstressed 110
3.2.4.8 Pretonicnon-initialsequencesofrisingsonority 114
3.2.5 Highvocoidsequences 120
3.2.5.1 Adjacentdissimilarhighvocoids 120
3.2.5.2 Adjacentsimilarhighvocoids 121
4 PHRASAL PHONOLOGY: VOWEL SANDHI 124
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 Stressedvowelfollowedbyunstressedvowel 125
4.2.1 Stressedvowelfollowedbyanunstressedhighvowel 125
4.2.2 Stressedvowelfollowedbyanunstressednon-highvowel 129
4.3 Unstressedvowelfollowedbystressedvowel 132
4.4 Contactbetweenunstressedvowels 135
4.5 Observationsonmulti-vocoidsequences 140
4.6 Summaryofevidenceforconstraintrankingsforvowelsandhi 144
5 CODA VOICING NEUTRALIZATION
AND ASSIMILATION 145
5.1 Distributionofvoicedandvoicelessobstruents 145
5.2 ‘Incomplete’neutralization 149
5.3 Accountingforvoicingneutralizationandassimilation 151
5.4 TowardsanOTaccountofvoicingneutralizationinCatalan 157
5.5 Word-Wnalsibilants 162
5.6 Appendix:Steriade’s‘P-map’approachtovoicingneutralization 164
6 CODA PLACE AND MANNER ASSIMILATION AND
NEUTRALIZATION 166
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 Morpheme-internalcoda–Cclusters 168
6.2.1 Heterorganicnasalcodaclusters 173
6.2.2 Heterorganicdenti-alveolar–Cclusters 173
6.2.3 Labial–alveolo-palatalcluster 174
6.2.4 Alveolo-palatal–Cclusters 176
6.2.5 Velar–Cclusters 177
6.2.6 Constraintsforformalstyle 177
6.3 Nasalandlateralassimilationandassociatedassimilations
inlessformalstyle 179
6.4 Inter-wordcoda–Cclusters 180
6.4.1 Inter-wordcoda–Cclustersinlessformalstyles 183
viii contents
6.4.2 Summaryofstyle-reXectingplaceassimilationsin
inter-wordconsonantalcontacts 185
6.4.3 Heterorganicmajorplaceinter-wordcontacts 185
6.5 Minorplaceassimilation 186
6.5.1 Surveyofclusterrealizations 190
6.5.2 Denti-alveolarcontacts 192
6.5.3 Alveolo-palatalonsets 197
6.5.4 HighDACcontacts 201
6.5.5 ConclusionsandSummary 204
6.6 ConsonantalcontactinMajorcan:placeandmanner 207
6.6.1 Labialcodainputs 211
6.6.2 Alveolarcodainputs 214
6.6.3 Alveolo-palatalcodainputs 215
7 CLUSTER REDUCTION 220
7.1 Introduction 220
7.2 Clusterreductioninstems 221
7.3 ClusterreductioninstemswithaconsonantalsuYx 227
7.4 ClusterreductioninuninXectedstemsfollowedby
vowel-initialwords 235
7.5 ClusterreductioninuninXectedstemsfollowed
byconsonant-initialwords 237
7.6 ClusterreductionininXectedstemsfollowedby
vowel-initialwords 240
7.7 ClusterreductionininXectedstemsfollowedby
consonant-initialwords 244
7.8 Summaryofconstraintrankingsrelatingtoword-Wnalclusters 249
8 EPENTHESIS AND OTHER SONORITY-RELATED
PHENOMENA 250
8.1 Introduction 250
8.2 Non-edgeepenthesis 252
8.3 Codasandepenthesis 257
8.4 Sibilantsandepenthesis 263
8.5 Minimumsonoritydistanceandvoicedstopgemination 265
8.6 Balearicverbformswithcodaclustersviolating
thesonoritysequencingprinciple 269
9 STRESS, FEET, AND PHRASES 276
9.1 Wordstress:introduction 276
9.2 Unstressedwords 277
contents ix
9.3 Compoundsandcomplexwords 279
9.3.1 Compounds 279
9.3.2 ComplexwordswithaYxes 282
9.4 Verbstress 284
9.5 Prosodicwordconstraints 288
9.6 Rhythmicconstraintsabovetheword:aprovisionalaccount 297
Appendix:evaluationofalternativefootandcolonparses
forwordtypesin(29–31) 306
10 WORD PHONOLOGY AND PHONOLOGICALLY
CONDITIONED ALLOMORPHY 310
10.1 Coda/Onsetalternations:lenition 310
10.1.1 Introduction 310
10.1.2 Fricativesorapproximants 312
10.1.3 LenitionandthetheoryofeVort 314
10.1.4 Lenitionandtheenhancementofcontrast 316
10.1.5 VariationinCatalanlenition 317
10.1.6 Furtherinterpretationofthehierarchyofleniting
contextsinCatalan 324
10.1.7 Remainingissues 326
10.2 Consonant/zeroalternations 327
10.2.1 N/zeroalternation 327
10.2.2 R/zeroalternation 333
10.3 Alternationsinvolvingstem-Wnallabials 338
11 THE SYLLABIFICATION OF PRONOMINAL CLITICS 341
11.1 Introduction 341
11.2 Singleclitics 342
11.3 Cliticclusters 345
11.4 SyllabiWcationconstraintsaVectingcliticsandcliticclusters 348
11.4.1 Epenthesis 348
11.4.2 Deletionofconsonantsandotherissuesin
thesyllabiWcationofpronominalclitics 355
11.4.3 Non-edgeepenthesisinverb–cliticsequences 363
11.5 Epenthesisincliticclusterstoavoidgeminatesibilants 366
11.6 Summaryofconstraintranking 369
References 371
Index 382