Table Of ContentOxford
Dictionary of
Pronunciation
for Current English
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THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF PRONUNCIATION
FOR CURRENT ENGLISH
The
Oxford
Dictionary
of Pronunciation
Current
for Engiisli
CliveUpton
WilliamA. Kretzschmar, Jr
RafalKonopka
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp
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©CliveUpton,WilliamA.KretzschmarJr,andRafalKonopka2001
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DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(makers)
Firstpublished2001
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ISBN0-19-863156-1
987654321
10
TypesetinNimrodandArial
bySelwoodSystems
PrintedinGreatBritainby
T.J. InternationalLtd.,
Padstow,Cornwall
Contents
Dictionaryteam vi
Preface vii
Introduction viii
Abbreviationsusedinthedictionary xx
Noteontrademarksandproprietarystatus xx
Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current Engiisii 1
Dictionary team
CliveUpton
WilliamA. Kretzschmar, Jr
RafalKonopka
Oxford UniversityPress
Editors
SusanWilkin
JudithScott
Editorialassistants
AlisonCurr
PhilGerrish
AnneMcConnell
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Preface
We are delightedtoofferourmodelsandtranscriptionsforthepronunciationof
BritishandAmericanEnglish,inwhatwebelievetobeanewmannerforthenew
millennium.WehavedevelopedourBritishandAmericanmodels,notasincremental
improvementsuponsomepriorpracticebutastheproductofourlongresearchexperi-
enceasstudentsoflanguagevariationinBritainandAmerica.Itisperhapsironicthat
specialistsinaccentanddialecthavebeencalledupontodecidewhatpronunciations
areheldincommonasnationalhabitsornormsbyBritishandAmericanspeakers.We
believethatourwideexperiencewithvariationgivesusstandingtocreatepronuncia-
tionmodelswhichavoidslavishimitationofthedictatesofself-appointedarbitersof
tasteorstyleinlanguage,infavourofpatternswhichreflecttheactualspeechofreal
people.
WehaveofcourseprofitedfromtheresearchandscholarshiponEnglishpronuncia-
tionofthosewhohavecomebeforeus.Wecannotbutadmiretheachievementsof
DanielJonesandA.C.GimsoninBritain,orofJohnKenyonandEdwardArtinin
America.Wemustacknowledgeourgreatdebttothespeakers,fieldworkers,andour
predecessorsaseditorsofthetwogreatnationalsurveysofspeechinBritainand
American,theSurveyofEnglishDialectsandtheAmericanLinguisticAtlasProject.
Andwemustalsoofferourgratitudetoourcolleaguesinlexicographydialectology
sociolinguistics,andotherbranchesofthestudyoftheEnglishlanguage,whether
citedinthefrontmatterornot,withoutwhoseobservationsandinsightswecouldnot
haveassessedthefactsofcurrentEnglishpronunciationandcompiledourlists.
Wewouldalsoliketomakeafewmoreindividualacknowledgements.Wewouldlike
tothankEricRochesterforhisinvaluabletechnicalassistance.CliveUptonowesa
greatdebtofgratitudetoJohnWiddowson,andbeforehimtoHaroldOrtonandDavid
Parrywhotaughthimtolistenattentivelyandworkindependently;andtoLesley
Upton,whoherselflistenedandmadealltherightnoises.WilliamA.Kretzschmar,Jr
wouldliketothankthreepeoplefortheircontributionstowardthiswork:Virginia
McDavid,forherjudgementandsupportovermanyyears;LeePederson,whose
unmatchedknowledgeofAmericanpronunciation,andwhosefriendship,provided
inspiration;andClaudiaKretzschmar,whonotonlyenduredandhelpedtobrighten
theextendedworkontranscriptionsbutcontributedherself,onmanyoccasions,to
theirqualityRafalKonopkawouldliketothankhisteachersattheJagiellonianUni-
versityinKrakow,Poland,wheretheadventurewithEnglishbegan;hismentorsand
colleaguesattheUniversityofGeorgia,withoutwhomtheadventurewouldnothave
evolvedintofascination;andhisfamilyfortheirpatience,support,andactiveinterest.
Finally,weappealtoourreaders,thelivingspeakersofcontemporaryEnglish,
whethernativeorlateracquired,tolistentothepronunciationofEnglisharoundthem
andtorevelintheendlessvarietyofEnglishvoicesandaccentsthattheywillhearWe
haveinthisvolumeascertainedparticularmodelsofBritishandAmericanpronuncia-
tion,andweasserttheiressentialvaluefornativespeakersandforlearnersalike.Yet
wewilljoinyou,ourreaders,intheappreciationofthemultitudeofaccentsandvoices
whichwehavenotincludedhere,andassertaswelltheirowngreatvalueforthe
subtletyandrichnessofourEnglishlanguage.
CLIVE UPTON • WILLIAM A. KRETZSCHMAR, JR • RAFAL KONOPKA
October2000
