Table Of Content$AR A N D CON
The International Arms Trade
The International
Arms Trade
polity
Copyright Q Rachel Stohl and Suzette Grillot zoo9
The right of Rachel Stohl and Suzette Grillot to be identified as Authors of this
Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
First published in zoo9 by Polity Press
Polity Press
65 Bridge Street
Cambridge CBZ IUR, UK
Polity Press
350 Main Street
Malden, MA 02148, USA
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose
of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Typeset in 10 on 13 pt FF Scala
by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire
Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, Bodmin, Cornwall
The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external
websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to
press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can
make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain
appropriate.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been
inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to include any necessary
credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.polity.co.uk
Contents
Acknowledgements vi
List of acronyms vii
I Introduction to the international arms trade I
7- The international arms trade in historical
perspective 10
j The legal supply and transfer of arms 41
4 The illicit arms trade 92
5 The consequences of the international arms trade 117
6 Controlling the international arms trade 138
7 Conclusion 185
Appendix. The EU Code of Conduct on Arms
Transfers I90
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgements
Any undertaking of this magnitude would not be possible with-
out the considerable assistance of friends and colleagues around
the world. We would, therefore, like to thank a number of people
who contributed significantly to this project. Rhea Myerscough
and Sara Rafferty served as invaluable researchers, editors and
sounding boards throughout this process. Doug Tuttle, Jonah
Leff and Camilla Kardel stepped in to provide additional research
and helpful suggestions in the book's final stages. Kerri Shadid,
Lessa Keller-Kenton, Brooke Hammer and Holly Presnell also
provided much-needed research support. We would also like to
thank numerous colleagues at the Center for Defense Information
at the World Security Institute and the University of Oklahoma,
for supporting this endeavour. In addition, Emma Hutchinson
and Louise Knight at Polity have been incredibly supportive and
helpful in the development and production of this manuscript.
We have been extremely fortunate to work with such talented and
encouraging women. While numerous colleagues have assisted
in the production of the book, we alone are responsible for its
content. Lastly, we thank and acknowledge our families, without
which such projects would never see light nor be as fulfilling. We
thus deeply thank Quentin, Sophia and Samuel Baird, Pat Lannon
and Hannah Grillot for their unconditional love and unending
patience as we undertook this project.
Acronyms
AECA Arms Export Control Act
APLs Anti-Personnel Landmines
A n Arms Trade Treaty
AU African Union
BERR Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform
BIS Bureau of Industry and Security
BMS Biennial Meeting of States
CAT Conventional Arms Transfer Talks
CCL Commercial Control List
CCW Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the
Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May
Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have
Indiscriminate Effects
CFE Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty
CIEEMG Commission for the Study of Military Equipment
Exports
CIFTA Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit
Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms,
Ammunition, Explosives and other Related
Materials
CMC Cluster Munitions Coalition
COCOM Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export
Controls
COSTIND Commission on Science, Technology and Industry
for National Defence
CRS Congressional Research Service
vii
CTF P Counterterrorism Fellowship Programme
DCS Direct Commercial Sales
DD TC Directorate of Defence Trade Controls
DESO Defence Export Services Organisation
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DOD Department of Defense
DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo
DSCA Defense Security Cooperation Agency
DSEI Defence Systems & Equipment International
DTRA Defence Threat Reduction Agency
DTSI Defence Trade Security Initiative
EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
ECA Export Control Act
ECO Export Control Organisation
ECOSAP Economic Community of West African States
Small Arms Project
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EDA Excess Defence Articles
ELN National Liberation Army, Colombia
EU European Union
EXBS Export Control and Related Border Security
Assistance
FA0 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation
FAR Armed Forces of Rwanda
FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucianarias de Colombia
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FMS Foreign Military Sales
FY Fiscal Year
GAO Government Accountability Office
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HMRC Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs
IANSA International Action Network on Small Arms
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICE Immigration and Customs Enforcement
IDPs Internally Displaced People
IEDs Improvised Explosive Devices
ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations
LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy
MANPADS Man-Portable Air Defence Systems
M FA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NGOs Nongovernmental Organizations
NISAT Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers
NRA National Rifle Association
NSPD National Security Policy Directive
OAS Organization of American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in
Europe
PAC-3 Patriot Advanced Capability-?
PCASED United Nations Programme for Coordination and
Assistance on Security and Development
PDD Presidential Decision Directive
PoA United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent,
Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small
Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects
PSSM Physical Security and Stockpile Management
Q sc Quadripartite Select Committee
RevCon United Nations Conference to Review Progress
Made in the Implementation of the Programme of
Action
RMAF Royal Malaysian Air Force
RUF Revolutionary United Front, Sierra Leone
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAFICO Service des Autorisations Financikres et
Commerciales
SAS Small Arms Survey
Description:The multi-billion dollar business of the international conventional arms trade involves virtually every country in the world. Around the globe, people's lives are being irrevocably changed by the effects of guns, tanks, and missiles. These weapons have the potential to cause a deadly and current thr
