Table Of ContentTHE EMPORIUM OFTHEWORLD
SINICA LEIDENSIA
EDITEDBY
W.L. IDEMA
INCOOPERATIONWITH
P.K.BOL •D.R.KNECHTGES •E.S.RAWSKI
E.ZURCHER ' H.T.ZURNDORFER
VOLUME XLIX
THE EMPORIUM
OF
THE WORLD
Maritime OJLanzhou, 1000-1400
EDITED BY
ANGELA SCHOTTENHAMMER
BRILL
LEIDEN .BOSTON' KOLN
2001
This bookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-In-PubficaticnData
Theemporiumoftheworld:maritime Quanzhou, 1000-1400/ editedby
AngelaSchottenhammer.
p. em. - (SinicaLeidensia, ISSN0169-9563 : v. 49)
Papers originallypreparedforaninternationalconferenceheldinLeiden, the
Netherlands,onSept. 26-27, 1997.
Includesbibliographical referencesand index.
ISBN9004117733 (alk.paper)
1.Quanzhou(FujianSheng, China)--Commerce-History-Congresses.
2.Merchantmarine-China-Quanzhou(FujianSheng)--History
-Congresses.3.Quanzhou(FujianSheng, China)--Economicconditions-
-Congresses. I.Schottenhammer,Angela. II.Series.
HF3852.E47 2000
382'.0951'245-dc21 00-046859
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The empos-lurnoftheworld: maritimeQuanzhou, 1000-1400/
ed.byAngelaSchottenhammer.- Leiden;Boston;Koln :Brill,2000
Leiden ;Boston;Koln :Brill,2000
(SinicaLeidensia ; Vol.49)
ISBN90-04-11773-3
ISSNtn69-9563
ISBN9004 117733
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The complaint that correct abstract thinking (philosophy) "is
unintelligibleis as much due to another reason; and this is an
impatientwishto havebefore them asamentalpicture that which
isinthe mind as a thought or notion.When people are askedto
apprehend some notion, they often complain that they do not
know what they have to think. But the fact is that in a notion
there isnothing further to bethoughtthan the notionitself.What
thephrase revealsisahankeringafteranimagewithwhichwe are
already familiar. The mind, denied the use of its familiar ideas,
feelsthe groundwhere itoncestoodfirmand athome taken away
from beneath it, and, when transported into the region of pure
thought, cannot tellwhereintheworlditis.
One consequence of thisweaknessisthat authors,preachers, and
orators are found most intelligible, when they speak of things
whichtheir readersor hearersalreadyknow byrote -thingswhich
thelatterareconversantwith,andwhichrequireno explanation."
(G.W.F.Hegel,EncydopaediaofthePhilosophi£alSciences,§3).
"(I)n point of contents, thought is only true in proportion as it
sinks itself in the facts; and in point of form it is no private or
particular state or act of the subject, but rather that attitude of
consciousness where the abstract self, freed from allthe special
limitations to which its ordinary states or qualities are liable,
restricts itselfto that universalaction in which it isidenticalwith
all individuals.... And when Aristotle summons the mind to rise
to the dignity of that attitude, the dignity he seeks is won by
letting slip all our individual opinions and prejudices, and
submittingtothe swayofthe fact."
(G.W.F.Hegel,EncydopaediaofthePhilosophi£alSciences,§23).
CONfENTS
ListofIllustrations '"
Vll
Introduction............................................................. 1
JohnW.Chaffee
TheImpaaoftheSang:ImperialClanantheOcerseas Trade
ofQ&fnzhou............................................................. 13
HughR.Clark
0wJeas TradeandSocialOxmJ!inQ&fnzhouthrough
theSang................................................................... 47
AngelaSchottenhammer
TheRoleofMetalsandtheJmpaaoftheIntroduaiaiofHuiziPaperNotes
inQ&fnzhouanthelJecx!opnmtofMaritimeTradeintheSangPeriai... ... 95
RichardPearson,LiMin,andLiGuo
Port, City,andHinterlands:Arrharolutj:alPerspeaicesan
QJtrnzhouanditsOzerseas Trade.: ..................................... 177
HoChuimei
TheCeramicfuminMirmanduringSongandYuan Ttmes 237
JohnGuy
TttmilMerchtntGuildsandtheQwzzhou Trade.:..................... 283
JaniceStargardt
BehindtheShadows:ArchamIugicalDataanTuo-uaySea-Trade
benueaQ&mzhouandSatingpra, South Thailand, 10th·14thCentury... 309
RoderichPtak
Qwz'Z1xJu..AttheNorthern EdJ!ofaSoutheast.Asian
"Mediterranean"?......................................................... 395
Index.................................................................... 429
LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS
HoCIlUIMEl,TIlECERAMICBOOM
Figure4: Phase A Qingbai (QBI) ware, plates with inside design, Dongtian,
Nan'an.
Figure5: Reversed sideofthe sherds inFigure 4.
Figure6: Phase B Green glazed, incised-combed (GIC) ware, bowls, Xiqu,
Dongtian,Nan'an.
Figure7: Phase B/C Black-brown glazed (BBG) ware, small bowls, Jindou,
Yongchun.
Figure8: Phase B/C Lead glazed (LGR)ware,vase stands with molded design,
Zhizhushan,Cizao,Jinjiang.
Figure9: Phase D Qingbai (QBIII) ware, small vases with molded design,Jia
chunling,Dehua.
Figure 10: One type ofceramic ring supports used in Phase C,Jiachunling, De
hua.
JOliN GUY,TAMILMERCIIANTGUILDS
Figure 1: Tamilinscriptionwith Chinese gloss, found in Quanzhou.Museum of
Anthropology,Xiamen University,Xiarnen.
Figure 2: Kaiyuantemple,Quanzhou.©photoJ. Guy, 1983.
Figure3: North verandah of the main hall, Kaiyuan temple, with two stone
carved pillarsrecovered from aHindu temple.©photoJ. Guy, 1983.
Figure4: Vishnu, found inQuanzhou. Museum ofMaritime History, Quanzhou.
viii LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure5: Kali seated on the prostrate figure of Siva; in situ Xinji Pavilion,
Jinjiang County, Fujian, where she isworshipped asgua'!Yin. ©photo
MuseumofMaritime History, Quanzhou.
Figure6: Siva as Nataraja,Lord ofthe Dance; relief sculpture recovered from
Quanzhou (but now lost). © photo Wu Wenliang,QuanzhouZongjiao
Shilo, 1956.
Figure7: Cow worshipping a linga;relief sculpture recovered from Quanzhou
(but now lost).©photo WuWenliang,Quanzhou ZongjiaoShilo,1956.
Figure8: Cow worshipping a linga; relief sculpture from Tamilnadu, South
India, c. 12th century. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los
Angeles.
Figure 9: Elephant worshipping a linga; relief sculpture from Quanzhou.
MuseumofMaritime History,Quanzhou.
Figure 10: Elephantworshipping a linga; relief sculpture insituSvetaranyesvara
swami temple, Tiruvenkatu, Thanjavur District, South India, c. 9th
century.e photo J. Guy,1990.
Figure11:Contemporary mural painting above entrance to sanctuary, Svetaran
yesvaraswami temple, Tiruvenkatu, Thanjavur District, South India,
20th century.e photo J. Guy, 1990.
JANICESTARGARDT, BEHINDTHESHADOWS
Pre-ChineseTradeOijedsExcavatedatSatinJ!PraCitadelbytheAuthor
Plate 1: Glass from smalljarofthe Roman Empire,c.4th century.©photoJ.
Stargardt, 1996.
Plate2: Terra Cotta sherds with buffslipand haematitedecoration from Pre
Angkorian Cambodia (Chin. Funan/Chen-la), 6th-7th century.
©photoJ.Stargardt,1996.
LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
Chinese Ceramics Excavated at SatinlPra Citadel !?y theAuthor, Green-glazed Chinese
Ceramics
PlateJ: Yellowish-green glazed stoneware sherds of small bowls. Ou Kilns,
Zhejiang Province, Five Dynasties/early Northern Song, mid-late
c
10thcentury. photoJ.Stargardt, 1996.
Plate4: Stoneware sherds of shallow bowls, grey body, incized under-glaze
design ofpeonies, glassyolive-green glaze.Longquan Kiln, Zhejiang
Province, late Northern Song, early 12th century. © photo J.
Stargardt, 1996.
Plate5: Stoneware sherds of shallow bowls, pale grey/whitish body, inner
surface, incised/combed underglaze design of peony and cursive
scrolls, green glaze. Longquan Kiln, Zhejiang Province, early
SouthernSong,mid-12th century.©photoJ.Stargardt,1996.
Plate6: Stoneware rim and side sherds of shallow bowls, pale grey/whitish
body,"classic"greenish blue glaze,outer surface moulded raised de
signofdouble lotus.Longquan Kiln, Zhejiang Province, mid-South
ernSong,early13thcentury.Numerous.©photoJ.Stargardt, 1996.
Plate7: Stoneware footring sherds ofshallow bowls, palegrey/whitish body,
"classic" greenish blue glaze,outer surface.Longquan Kiln, Zhejiang
Province, late Southern Song-Yuan, late-13th century. Numerous,
includingindestructionlayer.©photoJ.Stargardt, 1996.
Plate8: Heavy stoneware footring of large bowl. Moulded raised design of
fishunder thicklyapplied greenish-blueglaze. Outer surface strongly
ribbed designoflotus.Longquan Kiln, Zhejiang Province,Yuan 14th
century -post-destructionsurface find.©photoJ. Stargardt, 1996.
Qingbai-glazedChinesePorcelainsExcavatedatSatinlPraCitadel!?ytheAuthor
Plate9: Porcelain sherds ofvery small cup/incense holder, fine white body
transparentglaze;upperand lowerparts separatelywheel-formed and
joined together before glazing. Jingdezhen Kiln, Jiangxi Province,
mid-NorthernSong,c.mid-llth century. ©photoJ.Stargardt, 1996.
Plate 10: Porcelain sherds oflids ofsmall boxes, fine white body with trans
parent orQingbaiglaze.Lower row impressed designs ofcircles,late
Northern Song, late 11th/early 12th century; upper row raised
moulded designs oftriangles,scrolls and petals,Southern Song/early
