The Christian Minorities in Turkey

2006·18.7 MB·English

by  Wilhelm Baum

tl'AifC' fun
THE CHRISTIAN
MINORITIES IN TURKEY
by
DDr. WILHELM BAUM
St.EPHREM EC

Cx ILibviei
Hctl) iWavtmtho librnvi*
Malphono George Anton Kiraz Collection
,1 ^ <. b« ^ ^
_ ^ - T
3
!o ^ «... i— ^ 7C
^ Itaz. “»••' ^
T®"! U-"
i _uc for this volume, to
Anyone who a ^ it> and who
read, collate, or herself, or
appropriates tt should realize
cuts any thing ans\ver before
that(s)he will have to gpe
GodV awesome tribunal ^.Osonbe
robbed a sanctuar no forgiveness
held anathema and i
until the book » stoves these
Amcn! And niX or otherwise, shall
anathemas, digitally or
Moran ’Eth’o - 28
THE CHRISTIAN
MINORITIES
IN TURKEY
by
DDr. Wilhelm Baum
St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI)
Baker Hill, Kottayam 686 001, Kerala, India
2006
Moran'Eth'd-28
The Christian Minorities in Turkey
By: DDr. Wilhelm Baum
(Deutenhofenstr. 20 A 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria)
E. Mail: [email protected]
First Edition (German) published in 2005 by:
Kitab-Verlag Kiagenturt-Wien under iSBN :3-9G2005-58-4
Second Edition (English) published in 2006 by:
St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI)
Baker Hill, Kottayam. 686 001, Kerala, India
E.Mail to: [email protected]/[email protected]
English Translation by: Ludwig Roman Fleischer
The English Edition ol the book can be had also from:
Kitab-Verlag Klagenturt-Wien, Austria.
(www.kitab-veriag.eom; www.amazoii.de;
www.libri.de and www.knv.de < http://www.knv.de >)
In Europe this book can be ordered at Kitab-Verlag under the ISBN-ftlr.3-902005-62-9
Price: Rs. 150 + postage (India)
Euro 15 + postage (abroad)
Style & lay cut
Right Perspective, Kottayam
Printed at
St. Joseph's Press, Mannanam, Kottayam
n
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
THE CHRISTIAN MINORITIES IN TURKEY
1. The Muslim Conquest of Asia Minor (636-1461). 1
2. The Dhimmi System and the Djeehad.5
3. The Turks.....9
4. The last Phase of the Byzantine Empire...15
5. The Christians under the Turkish Millet system.18
6. The Christians in the Travel Diaries of the
17th and 18th Centuries...31
7. The Situation of the Christians in the
Tanzimat Era from 1839 onward...34
8. The Massacres of 1895/96 and the
Beginnings of the “Young Turks”.51
9. The massacres of Christians in World War One.66
10. The Reactions of the Western World. 98
11. The Deportations of the
Greeks until the End of the War.113
12. The Situation of the Christians in Turkey
until the End of World War One (1916-1918).123
HI
13. The Peace Treaty of Sevres.140
14. The Victory of the Kemalists (1920-1922). 157
15. The Situation of the Christians in
Turkey until the War in Cyprus (1923-1974).165
16. From the Cyprus Conflict to the Situation of
Christians in Turkey Today.177
Source.188
Photos and Description.225
Map.245
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On many journeys through Turkey, Armenia and Georgia I have
been able to speak with a number of personalities from the sphere of
the Eastern Churches, from the ecumenical patriarchs Dimitrios I and
Bartholomaios to the bishops of Mardin and Turabdin and the Syrian
Orthodox parish priest of Diyarbakir. I wish to express my special
thanks to them all for the information provided. I am particularly
indebted to my friend Professor Doktor Gregorios Larentzakis (Graz),
under whose guidance I studied Orthodox theology and who made
me aware of the poly centric development of Chris hard ty. To Professor
Doktor Hans Hollerweger I owe - in addition to diverse photographs -
a study tour to the Turabdin, where 1 was able to stay at the monasteries
of Deir al-Zafaran and Mor Gabriel and take part in monastic life
there. Frau Doktor Tessa Hoffmann (Berlin) provided access to
important photographs of the Armenian massacres of 1915, those of
Armin T. Wegner among them. P. Narses from the Mechitarist
monastery provided picture documentary; so did the Armenian
archbishop Mesrop Krikorian (Vienna), to whom I wish to express my
special thanks for the permission to print the pictures from the treasure
of the Catholicosate of Edschmiazin. I am grateful to Jakob
Thekeparambil (Kottayam/ Kerala) for including this book's English
translation by Ludwig Roman Fleischer (Vienna) in his series of
v
publications. Many hints concerning the history of the Armenians I
owe to my colleague Professor Doktor Erich Renhart (Graz) and to
Professor Hermann Goltz (Halle).
Klagenrurt Wilhelm Baum
Jan 2006
VI