study of modeling of water saturation in archie and non-archie porous media a thesis submitted to

112 Pages·2005·11.57 MB·English

STUDY OF
MODELING OF WATER SATURATION
IN ARCHIE AND NON-ARCHIE POROUS MEDIA

A THESIS SUBMITTED
TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY CHANTSALMAA DALKHAA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

JULY 2005
Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences

Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen
Director

I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of
Master of Sciences.

Prod. Dr. Birol Demiral
Head of Department

This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully
adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.

Prof. Dr. Ender Okandan
Supervisor
Examining Committee Members

Prof. Dr. Birol Demiral (METU, PETE)

Prof. Dr. Ender Okandan (METU, PETE)

Prod. Dr. Mahmut Parlaktuna (METU, PETE)

Prof. Dr. Nurkan Karahano(cid:1)lu (METU, GEOE)

Y. Doç. Dr. Evren Özbayo(cid:1)lu (METU, PETE)
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also
declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and
referenced all material and results that are not original to this work.

Name, Last name: Chantsalmaa Dalkhaa

Signature:

iii
ABSTRACT

STUDY OF
MODELING OF WATER SATURATION
IN ARCHIE AND NON-ARCHIE POROUS MEDIA

Dalkhaa, Chantsalmaa

M.Sc., Department of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ender Okandan

July 2005, 96 Pages

The aim of this thesis is to study water saturation models available in the
literature and to apply a proper one to a real field case.
Archie equation is the most well-known water saturation model.
However, it is formulated on some assumptions and is applicable to only clean
sands. Archie equation cannot be used for shaly formation. There are many shaly
water saturation models that account for shale effect for water saturation
estimation.
In this study, 3 wells, namely Well-01, Well-02 and Well-03 are studied.
These wells lie in a fractured carbonate reservoir located in Southeastern part of
Turkey. From well log recordings, the production formation is seen almost clean.
In other words, the shale amount of the formation is so small that it can be
neglected. Thus, to calculate the water saturation in those wells, the well-known
Archie water saturation equation is used. Since the formation is fractured
carbonate, the cementation factor (m ) and saturation exponent (n ) of
conventional value of “2” each cannot be used for the water saturation
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calculation. Instead, these parameters are obtained from generalized crossplot of
log-derived porosity and resistivity technique.
Finally, each well is divided into zones using porosity data. Zonation is
conducted based on statistical method, ANOVA (analysis of variance). Well-01
and Well-02 are both divided into two zones. On the other hand, the statistical
method was initially divided Well-03 into three zones. However, Well-03 is
better described as a whole zone, depending on the geological analysis and
engineering judgment. After the zonation, the zones are correlated from well to
well. The water saturations in significantly correlated zones are examined. Also,
using the same statistical method, the water saturation zones are identified.
However, these zones do not coincide with the porosity zones. This difference is
attributed to pore size distribution and wettability which affect saturation
distribution.

Keywords: water saturation, Archie equation, statistical zonation, cementation
factor and saturation exponent.

v
ÖZ

ARCHIE VE ARCHIE OLMAYAN GÖZENEK ORTAMDAKI
SU SATURASYON MODELLEMENIN CALISMASI

Dalkhaa, Chantsalmaa
Yüksek Lisans, Petrol ve Do(cid:1)al Gaz Mühendisli(cid:1)i
Tez danı(cid:2)manı: Prof. Dr. Ender Okandan

Temmuz 2005, 96 Sayfa

Bu tezin amacı literatürdeki su doymu(cid:2)luk modellerini inceleyip uygun
birinin gerçek sahada kullanılmasıdır.
Archie denklemi en çok bilinen su doymu(cid:2)luk modelidir. Ancak, bu
denklem bazı varsayım üzerine kurulmu(cid:2)tur ve sadece temiz kum tabakalarında
uygulanabilir. Archie denklemi (cid:2)eylli tabakalarda kullanılamaz.
Bu ara(cid:2)tırmada 3 kuyu, Kuyu-01, Kuyu-02 ve Kuyu -03 incelenmi(cid:2)tir.
Kuyular Türkiye’de Güney AnaDoludaki çatlaklı kalker bir reservuardan
üretmektedir. Kuyu loglarından, üretim formasyon tamamen temiz görünmektir,
bir ba(cid:2)ka deyi(cid:2)le, üretim formasyondaki (cid:2)eyl miktarı ihmal edilebilecek kadar az
bulunmaktadır. Bu yüzden, Archie denklem su doymu(cid:2)luk miktarının
hesaplanmasında kullanılmı(cid:2)tır. Fakat bu hesaplamada, formasyon çatlaklı kalker
oldu(cid:1)undan, çimento faktör ve su doymu(cid:2)luk katsayısı, geleneksel de(cid:1)er olan
“2” olarak alınmamı(cid:2)tır. Bunun yerine, bu parametrelerin de(cid:1)erleri log resistivite
ve gözeneklik krosplot teknik kullanılarak çıkartılmı(cid:2)tır.
Son olarak, her kuyu kendi gözeneklik de(cid:1)erlerini kullanılarak katmanlara
bölünmü(cid:2)tür. Katmanlama, istatistik metot olan ANOVA ile gerçekle(cid:2)tirilmi(cid:2)tir.
Kuyu-01 ve Kuyu-02 iki(cid:2)er katmanlara ayrılmı(cid:2)tır. Di(cid:1)er taraftan, istatistik metot
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Kuyu-03’u üç katmana ayırmı(cid:2)tır. Ancak jeolojik analiz ve mühendislik kararı
altında, Kuyu-03 tek bir katman olarak alınmı(cid:2)tır. Daha sonra, katmanların
kuyudan kuyuya ba(cid:1)lantısı belirlenmi(cid:2)tir. Su doymu(cid:2)lu(cid:1)unun ba(cid:1)lantılı olan
katmanlar boyunca benzerli(cid:1)ine bakılmı(cid:2)tır. Ayrıca aynı istatisik metot
kullanılarak su doymu(cid:2)luk katmanları belirlenmi(cid:2)tir. Ancak bu katmanlar
gözeneklik katmanlarıyla uyumlu bulunmamı(cid:2)tır.

Anahtar kelime: su doymu(cid:1)lu(cid:2)u, Archie denklemi, istatistik zonlama, çimento
faktörü ve su doymu(cid:1)lu(cid:2)u katsayısı .
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To my mother & in memory of my father

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly and foremost, I would like to express my deepest and sincere thankfulness
to my thesis supervisor Prof.Dr Ender Okandan for her guidance, advice,
criticism, encouragement, and precious insight throughout the research. The
combination of her creativity, intellect, attention to detail and tolerance madde
this undertaking possible.

I would also like to thank The Production Department of TPAO for providing the
necessary data for this study. Yıldız Karakece, from the Production Department
of TPAO, deserves special thanks for her personal help and guidance.

Also, my special thanks go to my thesis committee members for their valuable
suggestions and comments.

As well as, the humorous approaches and lively support of my dear friends are
gratefully acknowledged. I am so lucky to have your friendship, undersatanding
and love.

At last, but not the least, I would like to thank my dearest family, especially, my
wonderful mom for her never-ending love, faith and moral support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PLAGIARISM…………………………………………………………………...iii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...iv
ÖZ………………………………………………………………………………..vi
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………….viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………..ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………x
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………...xiii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………….xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS…………………………………………………………....xv
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….1
1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY ON WATER SATURATION
MODELS…………………………………………………………2
1.1.1 ARCHIE EQUATION……………………………………2
1.1.2 SHALY (NON-ARCHIE) WATER SATURATION
MODELS…………………………………………………3
1.1.2.1 V MODELS…………………………………………5
sh
1.1.2.2 DOUBLE LAYER MODELS………………………...6
2. THEORY……………………………………………………………...9
2.1 THOERY ON WATER SATURATION…………………………9
2.1.1 GENERALISED CROSSPLOT METHOD…………….10
2.1.2 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF m and n…13
2.2 THEORY ON STATISTICAL ZONATION AND
CORRELATION………………………………………………...14
2.2.1 PROCEDURE FOR ZONATION……………………….17
2.2.2 PROCEDURE FOR CORRELATION………………….18
3. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM……………………………………...20
4. STUDY AREA……………………………………............................21
5. CALCULATION OF WATER SATURATION (S )………………25
w
x