State Aid for Newspapers: Theories, Cases, Actions

396 Pages·2013·4.6 MB·English

by  Paul Murschetz (auth.)

Media Business and Innovation
Paul Murschetz Editor
State Aid for
Newspapers
Theories, Cases, Actions
Media Business and Innovation
Series Editor:
M. Friedrichsen, Berlin, Germany
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/11520
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Paul Murschetz
Editor
State Aid for Newspapers
Theories, Cases, Actions
Editor
PaulMurschetz
ICT&SCenter
UniversityofSalzburg
Austria
ISBN978-3-642-35690-2 ISBN978-3-642-35691-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35691-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013956622
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor
informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts
inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing
enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication
ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.
ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor
anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with
respecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScienceþBusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
“Onlyanihilistwouldconsideritsufficienttorelyonprofit-seekingcommercialinterestsor
philanthropytoeducateouryouthordefendthenationfromattack....Justastherecamea
momentwhenpolicymakers recognized thenecessity ofinvesting taxdollarstocreatea
publiceducationsystemtoteachourchildren,soamomenthasarrivedatwhichwemust
recognizetheneedtoinvesttaxdollarstocreateandmaintainnewsgathering,reporting
and writing with the purpose of informing all our citizens” (Robert W. McChesney and
JohnNicols2012).
“Mediaarenormativelyexpectedtoprovidediverseandpluralisticcontentthatincludesa
widerangeofinformation,opinions,andperspectivesondevelopmentsthataffectthelives
ofcitizens.Mediaareexpectedtomobilizethepublictoparticipateinandcarryouttheir
responsibilitiesinsociety:Mediaareexpectedtohelpcitizensidentifywithandparticipate
inthelivesoftheircommunity,theirstateandthenation.Mediaareexpectedtoservethe
needs and represent the interests of widely differing social groups and to ensure that
informationandideasarenotnarrowedbygovernmental,economic,orsocialconstraints.
Simultaneously,theyareexpectedtoservetheeconomicself-intereststoproduceprofits,to
grow,andtocontributetonationaleconomies”(ProfessorRobertG.Picard2005).
“Whenagovernmentgivesfundstothepress,itasksinreturntoexertsomekindofcontrol
overit”(JamesMurdoch2011).1
1JamesMurdochinMay2011atameetingofyoungpublishersintheItaliantownofBagnaia.
v
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Contents
PartI StateAidforNewspapers:AnIntroduction
1 TheContext,Purpose,andStructureoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
PaulMurschetz
2 StateAidforNewspapers:FirstTheoreticalDisputes . . . . . . . . . . 21
PaulMurschetz
PartII TheoreticalExplanationsforStateIntervention
3 StateSupportforNews:WhySubsidies?WhyNow?WhatKinds? . . 49
RobertG.Picard
4 IndustrialSubsidies:SurveyingMacroeconomicPolicyApproaches ... 59
NikolaosZahariadis
5 GoodIntentions,BadResults:TheEffectsofNewspaperSubsidies
onJournalisticQuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
ChristianM.WellbrockandMartinA.Leroch
6 StateAidtothePressintheEU:LegalIssuesandTrends . . . . . . . 85
EvangeliaPsychogiopoulou
7 PressGovernance:ANewConceptforAnalyzingPressRegulation . . 99
ManuelPuppis
PartIII CaseStudyEvidenceandGovernmentActions
8 Australia:StateAidtoNewspapers—NotaPriority . . . . . . . . . . . 115
FrancoPapandreaandMatthewRicketson
9 Austria:PressSubsidiesinSearchofaNewDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
PaulMurschetzandMatthiasKarmasin
10 Belgium:BigChangesinaSmallNewsEconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
IkePiconeandCarolinePauwels
vii
viii Contents
11 Bulgaria:PressSubsidiesintheShadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
GeorgiKantchevandNellyOgnyanova
12 Finland:TheRiseandFallofaDemocraticSubsidyScheme . . . . . 179
HannuNieminen,KaarleNordenstreng,andTimoHarjuniemi
13 France:PressSubsidies—InefficientbutEnduring . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
MatthieuLardeauandPatrickLeFloch
14 Germany:EvaluatingAlternativestoFinanceQualityJournalism . . . 215
CastulusKoloandStephanWeichert
15 Greece:PressSubsidiesinTurmoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
StylianosPapathanassopoulos
16 Hungary:TheStateasStrongMediaGovernor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
AgnesUrban
17 TheNetherlands:InitiativestoSubsidisePressInnovation . . . . . . 271
LouLichtenbergandLeend’Haenens
18 Russia:SubsidiesBetweenIndustrySupportandStateControl . . . 291
MikhailMakeenko
19 Sweden:StateSupporttoNewspapersinTransition . . . . . . . . . . . 307
MartOts
20 Switzerland:TheRoleofSwissPostinIndirectPressSupport . . . 323
AlfredHugentoblerandChristianJaag
21 UnitedKingdom:SubsidiesandDemocraticDeficitsinLocalNews . . . 337
DavidBaines
22 TheUnitedStatesofAmerica:UnfoundedFears
ofPressSubsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
VictorPickard
PartIV ConclusionandFutureOutlook
23 StateAidforNewspapers:ASummaryAssessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
PaulMurschetzandJosefTrappel
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
List of Figures
Fig.2.1 Theeffectofanewspapersubsidyanddeadweightloss . . . . . .. 36
Fig.7.1 Mediagovernanceashorizontalandverticalextensionof
government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Fig.7.2 Domainsofpressgovernance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Fig.8.1 CirculationofAustraliandailynewspapers,1992–2012 . . . . . 122
Fig.8.2 MainmediaadvertisingRevenue,2001–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Fig.8.3 Printandonlineadvertising,2002–2011.(a)Totalprint
andonlineadvertising.(b)Printandonlinedisplayadvertising.
(c)Printandonlineclassifiedadvertising.(d)Printandonline
“SearchandDirectories”advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Fig.12.1 Totalannualexpendituresforpresssubsidies1950–2000 . . . . 188
Fig.14.1 Germany:Media—Dailyreach(a)andcontributionto
totalrevenues(b)media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Fig.14.2 Changingreadershipstructurefornational(a)andregional(b)
dailiesaswellasdecliningoverallaudience(c) . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Fig.14.3 Germany:Newspapertitles—20largestdailynewspapersin
termsof(paid)circulation(2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Fig.14.4 Germany—Revenuestructure(a)andlong-termtrendsof
revenuecontributions(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fig.14.5 Relativeimportanceofnewspapertypes(a)andkeyfigures
forlargesttitlesandpublishers(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fig.16.1 Revenuefromgovernment-sponsoredadvertisementatNepszava
(2007–2011) ...................................... 263
Fig.19.1 Annualcostsofdirectpresssubsidies1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . 313
Fig.19.2 Numberofnewspapertitles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Fig.19.3 Newspapercirculation(weekdays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Fig.19.4 Ownershipconcentration,newspapers
published3–7days/week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Fig.20.1 Numberofpresstitlesandrun1995–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Fig.20.2 Changeinadvertisingrevenuespermediatype(2001–2009) . . . 325
Fig.20.3 StructureofthepresstitlesdeliveredbySwissPost/million
copiesperyear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Fig.20.4 Effectivereductionfortitlesbenefitingfrompresssubsidies . . . 330
ix