Social impacts of fisheries, aquaculture, recreation, tourism and marine protected areas

202 Pages·2013·3.51 MB·English

by  Marine Management Organisation

Social impacts of
fisheries,
aquaculture,
recreation, tourism
and marine
protected areas
(MPAs) in marine
plan areas in
England

December 2013
This page has been intentionally left blank.
Social Impacts of Fisheries, Aquaculture,
Recreation, Tourism and Marine Protected Areas
(MPAs) in Marine Plan Areas in England

MMO Project No: 1035

Project funded by: The Marine Management Organisation

Report prepared by: Plymouth Marine Laboratory and The Marine Biological
Association
© Marine Management Organisation 2013

This publication (excluding the logos) may be re-used free of charge in any format or
medium (under the terms of the Open Government Licence
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/). It may only be re-used
accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as
Marine Management Organisation Copyright and use of it must give the title of the
source publication. Where third party Copyright material has been identified, further
use of that material requires permission from the Copyright holders concerned.

Disclaimer

This report contributes to the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) evidence
base which is a resource developed through a large range of research activity and
methods carried out by both the MMO and external experts.

The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the
MMO nor are they intended to indicate how the MMO will act on a given set of facts
or signify any preference for one research activity or method over another. The MMO
is not liable for the accuracy or completeness of the information contained nor is it
responsible for any use of the content.

This report should be cited as

MMO (2013). Social impacts of fisheries, aquaculture, recreation, tourism and
marine protected areas (MPAs) in marine plan areas in England. A report produced
for the Marine Management Organisation, pp 192. MMO Project No: 1035. ISBN:
978-1-909452-19-0.

First published December 2013
Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 
1.1 Project aim ....................................................................................................... 3 
1.2 Requirements of report .................................................................................... 3 
1.3 Objectives and geographical scope ................................................................. 4 
1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................... 4 
1.5 Outputs ............................................................................................................ 5

2. Social Impacts, Value of Marine Activities and Drivers of Change .................. 6 
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 6 
2.1.1 Social impacts ............................................................................................ 6 
2.1.2 Values ........................................................................................................ 7 
2.1.3 Drivers of change ....................................................................................... 9 
2.1.4 Approach .................................................................................................. 10 
2.2 Fishing ........................................................................................................... 15 
2.2.1 Social impacts of fishing ........................................................................... 15 
2.2.2 Value of fishing ......................................................................................... 18 
2.2.3 Drivers of change to fishing ...................................................................... 25 
2.2.4 Data gaps and recommendations ............................................................ 26 
2.3 Aquaculture .................................................................................................... 26 
2.3.1 Socio-economic impacts of aquaculture ................................................... 27 
2.3.2 Value of aquaculture ................................................................................ 28 
2.3.3 Drivers of aquaculture .............................................................................. 29 
2.3.4 Data gaps and recommendations ............................................................ 32 
2.4. Tourism ......................................................................................................... 33 
2.4.1 Social impacts of tourism ......................................................................... 33 
2.4.2 Value of tourism ....................................................................................... 35 
2.4.3 Drivers of tourism ..................................................................................... 41 
2.4.4 Data gaps and recommendations ............................................................ 42 
2.5 Recreation ...................................................................................................... 42 
2.5.1 Social impacts of recreation ..................................................................... 43 
2.5.2 Value of recreation ................................................................................... 45 
2.5.3 Drivers of recreation ................................................................................. 49 
2.5.4 Data gaps and recommendations ............................................................ 50
2.6 Marine Protected Areas ................................................................................. 50 
2.6.1 Social impacts of marine protected areas ................................................ 51 
2.6.2 Value of marine protected areas .............................................................. 53 
2.6.3 Drivers of marine protected areas ............................................................ 55 
2.6.4 Data gaps and recommendations ............................................................ 56 
2.7. Summary and recommendations .................................................................. 57

3. Adaptability of Communities and Marine Planning ......................................... 63 
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 63 
3.1.1 Approach .................................................................................................. 63 
3.1.2 Stakeholder engagement ......................................................................... 63 
3.2 Adaptive capacity, social vulnerability and resilience ..................................... 63 
3.3 Adaptive capacity: capital and process .......................................................... 65 
3.4 Transition management ................................................................................. 66 
3.5 Case Study: Grimsby (fishing communities) .................................................. 68 
3.5.1 Significant transitions and adaptations ..................................................... 68 
3.5.2 Marine Planning and support for fishing communities .............................. 75 
3.6 Case Study: Poole (aquaculture) ................................................................... 77 
3.6.1 Significant transitions and adaptations ..................................................... 77 
3.6.2 Marine planning and support for aquaculture ........................................... 81 
3.7 Case Study: Torbay (tourism) ........................................................................ 82 
3.7.1 Significant transitions and adaptations ..................................................... 82 
3.7.2 Marine planning and support for tourism .................................................. 90 
3.8 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 91

4. Review of the Impacts and Benefits Between Marine Sectors ....................... 93 
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 93 
4.2 Economic IO tables ........................................................................................ 93 
4.2.1 National accounts and multipliers ............................................................. 93 
4.2.2 Marine activities and multipliers ............................................................... 96 
4.3 Social impacts matrix ..................................................................................... 97 
4.3.1 Social impacts based on IO tables ........................................................... 97 
4.3.2 Social impacts table ............................................................................... 102 
4.4 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 105

5. Challenges and Co-location Opportunities From a Social Perspective ...... 107 
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 107
5.1.1 Approach ................................................................................................ 108 
5.2 Co-location matrix ........................................................................................ 109 
5.3 Social impacts table ..................................................................................... 114 
5.4 Case Studies and their social impacts table ................................................. 116 
5.4.1 Poole Harbour ........................................................................................ 117 
5.4.2 Torbay .................................................................................................... 120 
5.4.3 Grimsby .................................................................................................. 123 
5.4.4 Regional overview .................................................................................. 127 
5.5 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 128

6. Outline How to Measure Successful Social Policies ..................................... 130 
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 130 
6.2 Policy Evaluation Frameworks ..................................................................... 132 
6.2.1 Evaluating integrated policies ................................................................ 133 
6.3 Approaches to measuring combined progress towards social, economic and
environmental objectives .................................................................................... 134 
6.3.1 Sustainable development ....................................................................... 134 
6.3.2 Environmental accounting ...................................................................... 136 
6.3.3 Ecosystem Services valuation ................................................................ 137 
6.3.4 Summary ................................................................................................ 138 
6.4 A challenge in policy evaluation: causation and attribution .......................... 139 
6.5 Indicators: measuring social impact ............................................................. 139 
6.5.1 Aggregate indicators .............................................................................. 140 
6.5.2 Monetary or non-monetary approaches to working with indicators ........ 141 
6.5.3 Case studies .......................................................................................... 145 
6.6 An evaluation framework for social success of Marine Plans ....................... 150 
6.7 Indicators for social success of marine planning .......................................... 153 
6.7.1 Job creation as a social success indicator ............................................. 154 
6.7.2 Note on measuring job creation ............................................................. 159 
6.7.3 Measuring the social benefit of marine ecosystem services .................. 160 
6.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 162 
6.8.1 Choosing evaluation objectives and indicators....................................... 165 
6.8.2 Implementing an evaluation framework .................................................. 165 
6.8.3 Accounting for ecosystem services valuation ......................................... 166 
6.9 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 166

7. Synthesis and Recommendations .................................................................. 169
7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 169 
7.2 Summary, synthesis and recommendations ................................................ 169 
7.2.1 Summary of chapter objectives .............................................................. 169 
7.2.2 Synthesis ............................................................................................... 171 
7.2.3 Recommendations ................................................................................. 172

References ............................................................................................................ 175

Annex A: Summary of Articles Used to Populate Social Impacts Table ................ 187 
Annex B: Marine Activities Considered in the Co-location Matrix .......................... 191 

Figures
Figure 1: Map of NUTS 1 regions in England. ......................................................... 14 
Figure 2: Percentage contribution of employment in fishing to total regional
employment. .............................................................................................. 20 
Figure 3: Percentage contribution of fishing GVA total regional GVA. .................... 21 
Figure 4: Catch disaggregation and value landed by UK vessels (Source: Marine
Management Organisation). ...................................................................... 23 
Figure 5: Percentage contribution of employment in aquaculture to total regional
employment (Source: Office for National Statistics). ................................. 30 
Figure 6: Percentage contribution of employment in tourism to total regional
employment (Source: Office for National Statistics). ................................. 37 
Figure 7: Percentage contribution of GVA in tourism to total regional GVA (Source:
Office for National Statistics). .................................................................... 38 
Figure 8: Holiday Spend (£ millions) (Source: VisitEngland). .................................. 39 
Figure 9: Holiday Trips (000's, overnight or longer) (Source: VisitEngland). ........... 40 
Figure 10: Percentage contribution of employment in recreation to total regional
employment (Source: Office for National Statistics). ................................. 46 
Figure 11: Percentage contribution of GVA in recreation to total regional GVA
(Source: Office for National Statistics). ...................................................... 47 
Figure 12: SACs, SPAs and rMCZs. ....................................................................... 54 
Figure 13: S-curve showing the four phases of transition (Source: Loorbach
2007)..... .................................................................................................... 64 
Figure 14: Multi-levels in a transition management framework (Rotmans and Kemp
2003). ........................................................................................................ 67 
Figure 15: Summary IO table for the UK economy (Source: ONS 2005). ............... 95 
Figure 16: Leontief inverse (Source: ONS 2005). ................................................... 95 
Figure 17: The translation of the operation co-location impacts through aggregation
to the co-location matrix. ......................................................................... 111 
Figure 18: Trends of marine activities (Source: Charting Progress 2 (2010:112). . 113
Figure 19: Poole Harbour’s marine activities. ........................................................ 118 
Figure 20: Torbay’s marine activities. .................................................................... 122 
Figure 21: Grimsby’s marine activities. .................................................................. 125 
Figure 22: Marine activities, infographics and social point reference. ................... 128 
Figure 23: Illustrating the process of developing the spatial policy evaluation
framework (Wong et al., 2008). ............................................................. 136 
Figure 24: Coastal community typologies (from Roger Tym and Partners and OCSI,
2011b). .................................................................................................. 146 
Figure 25: Proposed evaluation framework ........................................................... 152 
Figure 26: Marine policy outputs, outcome and impacts ....................................... 163 
Figure 27: Key questions for inquiry for related measures and methodologies ..... 164 

Tables
Table 1: Anthropogenic versus biophysical drivers .................................................... 9 
Table 2: Search terms for the social impacts, value and driver of change literature
review ...................................................................................................... 11 
Table 3: Total employment and GVA for fisheries in 2010 (source: Office for National
Statistics) ................................................................................................. 19 
Table 4: Driver of change impacting fisheries and their communities ...................... 25 
Table 5: Driver of change impacting aquaculture and their communities ................. 31 
Table 6: Driver of change impacting tourism and their communities ....................... 41 
Table 7: Drivers of change impacting recreation ..................................................... 49 
Table 8: Driver of change impacting marine protected areas .................................. 56 
Table 9: Recommendation for social impacts, values and drivers of change
research. ................................................................................................. 57 
Table 10: Summary of social impact categories and data gaps ............................... 59 
Table 11: Summary of values and data gaps .......................................................... 61 
Table 12: Summary of drivers of change and data gaps ......................................... 62 
Table 13: Grimsby Fishing communities and main events ....................................... 71 
Table 14: Summary of interaction, capital and processes ....................................... 76 
Table 15: Poole Harbour Aquaculture and main events .......................................... 79 
Table 16: Summary of interaction, capital and processes ....................................... 81 
Table 17: Torquay Tourism and main events .......................................................... 84 
Table 18: Paignton Tourism and main events ......................................................... 87 
Table 19: Brixham Tourism and main events .......................................................... 89 
Table 20: Summary of interaction, capital and processes ....................................... 90 
Table 21: Generic recommendation for marine planning ......................................... 92 
Table 22: UK and Scottish Output and Employment multipliers (Source: University of
Strathclyde 2002) .................................................................................... 96 
Table 23: SIC (2003) and marine activities .............................................................. 98 
Table 24: Inverse coefficients of marine activities (Source: Office for National
Statistics 2011) ........................................................................................ 99
Table 25: Employment cost multipliers .................................................................. 100 
Table 26: Social impacts table ............................................................................... 103 
Table 27: Aggregated co-location table using the traffic light system .................... 112 
Table 28: Social impacts table ............................................................................... 115 
Table 29: Co-location of particular marine activities in Poole Harbour .................. 119 
Table 30: Social impacts table for Poole Harbour .................................................. 120 
Table 31: Co-location of particular marine activities in Torbay .............................. 121 
Table 32: Social impacts table for Torbay .............................................................. 123 
Table 33: Co-location of particular marine activities in Grimsby ............................ 126 
Table 34: Social impacts table for Grimsby ........................................................... 126 
Table 35: Economic approaches for working with indicators ................................. 141 
Table 36: Non-economic approaches for working with indicators .......................... 143 
Table 37: The 43 indicators used as the basis for the coastal typologies presented in
Figure 24 ............................................................................................... 147 
Table 38: Speculative logic model for the evaluation of the social impacts of marine
plan policies ........................................................................................... 155 
Table 39: Recommendations ................................................................................. 167