Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam

851 Pages·2013·9 MB·English

by  Leif Inge Ree Petersen

contents i
Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the
Successor States (400-800 ad)
ii contents
History of Warfare
Editors
Kelly DeVries
Loyola University Maryland
John France
University of Wales, Swansea
Michael S. Neiberg
United States Army War College, Pennsylvania
Frederick Schneid
High Point University, North Carolina
VOLUME 91
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw
contents iii
Siege Warfare and
Military Organization in the
Successor States (400-800 ad)
Byzantium, the West and Islam
By
Leif Inge Ree Petersen
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2013
iv contents
Cover illustration: Monumental gate leading to the Church of St. John: Ephesus, Selçuk, Turkey.
Constructed with spolia from the Artemision, probably in the reign of Constans II (641-669).
©Photograph by Özel Hansen.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Petersen, Leif Inge Ree.
Siege warfare and military organization in the successor states (400-800 AD) : Byzantium, the
West and Islam / by Leif Inge Ree Petersen.
pages cm. -- (History of warfare ; volume 91)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-25199-1 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25446-6 (e-book) 1. Siege
warfare--History--To 1500. 2. Sieges--History--To 1500. 3. Military art and science--History--
Medieval, 500-1500. 4. Byzantine Empire--History, Military. 5. Islamic Empire--History, Military. 6.
Europe--History, Military--To 1500. I. Title.
UG443.P47 2013
355.4’4095609021--dc23
2013019487
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contents v
για τη Βασίλισσά μου
Bizans güzelime
vi contents
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contents vii

CONTENTS
Preface and acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Conventions of transcription, translations, references and resources xxi
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
PART ONE
MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND SIEGE WARFARE

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.1 Historiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0.1.1 Exceptionalism, Eastern and Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0.1.2 The (Even More) Exceptional Rise of Islam . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.2 Methodological and Theoretical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
0.2.1 Thick and Thin Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
0.2.2 Co-evolution and Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
0.2.3 Technological Diffusion: The Cultural and Institu-
tional Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
0.2.4 Construction of Identity and the Diffusion of Knowl-
edge and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
0.3 Sources and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
0.3.1 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
0.3.2 General Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
0.3.3 Greek Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
0.3.4 Syriac Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
0.3.5 Arabic and Other Eastern Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
0.3.6 Latin Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
0.4 Structure of the Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter One An Age of Transition: From the Fall of the Roman
West to the Early Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.1 From Late Roman to “Barbarian” Poliorcetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.1.1 Late Roman Siege Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.1.2 The Thin Description: Visigoths and Romans, 376-
474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.1.3 The Thick Description: Huns and Romans, 441-452   46
viii contents
1.2 From Emergency Measures to New Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.2.1 The Regular Army in the 5th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.2.2 New Ways of Recruiting Troops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.2.3 The Military Following (obsequium) in East Roman
Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.2.4 The Rise of Private Military Forces in the West . . . . . . . 63
1.2.5 The Origins of Medieval Military Obligations: Munera
Publica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.3 Where Did All the Romans Go? The Military Implications of
Ethnogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
1.3.1 Roman Influences beyond the Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.3.2 Civil Wars by Proxy and the Involution of the Frontier 78
1.3.3 The Legions on the Rhine Become Franks . . . . . . . . . . . 84
1.3.4 The Last Roman Civil Wars in the West, 496-511 . . . . . 90
1.4 Conclusion: From Emergency Measures to Medieval Insti-
tutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Chapter Two East Rome to Byzantium: Survival and Renewal of
Military Insti tutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.1 Continuity and Change in East Roman Warfare and Society,
450-800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.1.1 The Strategic Situation of the East Roman Empire:
A Brief Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.1.2 The East Roman Army in the 5th and 6th Centuries . . 97
2.1.3 The “Two Hundred Years’ Reform,” or before the
Thematic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.1.4 From Late Roman client management towards a
Byzantine Commonwealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.2 Organization of Siege Warfare I: The Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.2.1 Specialist Skills among the Regular Troops . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.2.2 Military Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.2.3 New Developments from the Late 6th Century . . . . . . . 119
2.3 The Many Faces of East Roman Siege Warfare: The Example
of the Anastasian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.3.1 The Background to the Anastasian War and the East
around 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.3.2 Abject Surrender: *Theodosiopolis and *Martyropolis
502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.3.3 Fierce but Flawed Resistance: *Amida (502-3) . . . . . . 126
contents ix
2.3.4 Multiple Approaches: *Constantina-Tella 502-03 . . . . 130
2.3.5 Complex Operations against Country and City:
*Edessa 502-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.3.6 Complex Operations and the Fog of War: *Amida
503-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2.4 Organization of Siege Warfare II: The Militarization of
Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.4.1 The Construction of Dara, 505-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.4.2 Civilian Cooperation in the 6th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
2.4.3 Use of Civilians in the 7th and 8th Centuries . . . . . . . . 143
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Chapter Three The Successor States in the West: Ostrogoths,
Visigoths, and Lombards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.1 The Ostrogoths, 493-554 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.1.1 Ostrogothic Ethnogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.1.2 Strategic Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.1.3 Military Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.1.4 Logistics: Adminstration, Labor and Supplies . . . . . . . . 157
3.1.5 Ostrogothic Siege Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.2 The Visigoths in Spain, 508-711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.2.1 Strategic Situation of the Visigothic Kingdom of
Toledo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.2.2 Visigothic Military Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.2.3 Visigothic Siege Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.3 The Lombards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.3.1 Ethnogenesis on the Middle Danube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.3.2 The Lombards in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
3.3.3 Lombard Military Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3.3.4 Lombard Siege Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Chapter Four The Last Legions on the Rhine: Siege Warfare in the
Frankish Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.1 Frankish Warfare and Military Organization in the 6th
Century  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.1.1 The Problem of Gregory of Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.1.2 The Establishment of Frankish Burgundy and Wars
with the Visigoths, 534-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.1.3 Austrasian Interventions in Italy, 538-90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 200