Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics [First Australian SI Edition]

2010·43.73 MB·English

by  Hugh D Young

UNIVERSITY PHYSICS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS
SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S
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Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition
youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page i
SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S
UN I V E R S IT Y
P H Y S ICS
WITH MODERN PHYSICS
FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition
youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page ii
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition
youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page iii
SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S
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WITH MODERN PHYSICS
FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION
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Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition
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Copyright ©Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011
Pearson Australia
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Authorised adaptation from the United States edition entitled University Physics with Modern Physics, 12th edition,
ISBN 0321501217 by Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A.; Ford, Lewis, published by Pearson Education, Inc,
publishing as Addison-Wesley, Copyright ©2008.
First adaptation edition published by Pearson Australia, Copyright ©2011
The Copyright Act 1968of Australia allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater,
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Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Title Sears and Zemansky’s university physics with modern physics
/Hugh D. Young ... [et al.].
ISBN: 9781442517110 (pbk)
VitalSource ISBN: 9781442538016
Notes: Includes index.
Subjects: Physics.
Other Authors/Contributors:
Young, Hugh D.
Dewey Number: 530
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. However, should any infringement have occurred,
thepublishers tender their apologies and invite copyright owners to contact them. Due to copyright restrictions, we
may have been unable to include material from the print edition of the book in this digital edition, although every
effort has been made to minimise instances of missing content.
Pearson Australia is a division of
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition
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BRIEF CONTENTS
24
Detailed Contents vi Capacitance and Dielectrics 791
Preface xiii 25
Current, Resistance
About the Authors xix
and Electromotive Force 822
Acknowledgements xx
26
Direct-Current Circuits 855
27
Mechanics Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces 886
28
1 Sources of Magnetic Field 926
Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors 1
29
2 Electromagnetic Induction 961
Motion Along a Straight Line 34
30
3 Inductance 996
Motion in Two or Three Dimensions 69
31
4 Alternating Current 1026
Newton’s Laws of Motion 104
32
5 Electromagnetic Waves 1056
Applying Newton’s Laws 132
6
Work and Kinetic Energy 175
Optics
7
Potential Energy
33
and Energy Conservation 205 The Nature and Propagation of Light 1085
8 Momentum, Impulse and Collisions 238 34 Geometric Optics
and Optical Instruments 1120
9
Rotation of Rigid Bodies 275
35
Interference 1169
10
Dynamics of Rotational Motion 305 36
Diffraction 1196
11
Equilibrium and Elasticity 342
12
Gravitation 371 Modern Physics
13 Periodic Motion 407 37 Relativity 1228
14 Fluid Mechanics 444 38 Photons, Electrons and Atoms 1266
39
The Wave Nature of Particles 1307
Waves/Acoustics 40
Quantum Mechanics 1333
15 Mechanical Waves 472 41 Atomic Structure 1358
16 42
Sound and Hearing 511 Molecules and Condensed Matter 1389
43
Nuclear Physics 1424
Thermodynamics 44
Particle Physics and Cosmology 1465
17
Temperature and Heat 554
APPENDICES
18
Thermal Properties of Matter 592
A The International System of Units 1509
19
The First Law of Thermodynamics 626
B Useful Mathematical Relations 1511
20
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 653 C The Greek Alphabet 1512
D Periodic Table of Elements 1513
Electromagnetism E Unit Conversion Factors 1514
21 F Numerical Constants 1515
Electric Charge and Electric Field 688
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 1517
22
Gauss’s Law 728
23
Electric Potential 758 INDEX 1530
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DETAILED CONTENTS
Problem-Solving Strategies xii 4.3 Newton’s Second Law 112
Preface xiii 4.4 Mass and Weight 117
About the Authors xix 4.5 Newton’s Third Law 120
Acknowledgements xx 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams 123
Summary 126
Exercises/Problems 127
5
MECHANICS
APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS 132
5.1 Using Newton’s First Law:
1 UNITS, PHYSICAL
Particles in Equilibrium 132
QUANTITIES AND VECTORS 1
5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law:
1.1 The Nature of Physics 2 Dynamics of Particles 138
1.2 Solving Physics Problems 2 5.3 Frictional Forces 145
1.3 Standards and Units 4 5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion 154
1.4 Unit Consistency and Conversions 6 *5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature 159
1.5 Uncertainty and Significant Figures 8 Summary 161
1.6 Estimates and Orders of Magnitude 10 Exercises/Problems 162
1.7 Vectors and Vector Addition 11
1.8 Components of Vectors 15 6
WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY 175
1.9 Unit Vectors 20
1.10 Products of Vectors 21 6.1 Work 176
Summary 27 6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy
Exercises/Problems 28
Theorem 180
6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces 186
2 MOTION ALONG 6.4 Power 193
A STRAIGHT LINE 34 Summary 196
Exercises/Problems 197
2.1 Displacement, Time and Average Velocity 35
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 37
2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration 41 7 POTENTIAL ENERGY
2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration 45 AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 205
2.5 Freely Falling Bodies 51
7.1 Gravitational Potential Energy 206
*2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration 55
7.2 Elastic Potential Energy 214
Summary 58
7.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 220
Exercises/Problems 59
7.4 Force and Potential Energy 224
7.5 Energy Diagrams 227
3 MOTION IN TWO Summary 229
OR THREE DIMENSIONS 69 Exercises/Problems 230
3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors 70
3.2 The Acceleration Vector 72 8 MOMENTUM, IMPULSE
3.3 Projectile Motion 77 AND COLLISIONS 238
3.4 Motion in a Circle 85
8.1 Momentum and Impulse 238
3.5 Relative Velocity 89
Summary 94 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 244
Exercises/Problems 95 8.3 Momentum Conservation and Collisions 248
8.4 Elastic Collisions 253
4
8.5 Centre of Mass 257
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 104
*8.6 Rocket Propulsion 261
4.1 Force and Interactions 105 Summary 264
4.2 Newton’s First Law 108 Exercises/Problems 265
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Detailed Contents vii
9 13.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 416
ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES 275 13.4 Applications of Simple Harmonic
Motion 420
9.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration 275
13.5 The Simple Pendulum 424
9.2 Rotation with Constant Angular
13.6 The Physical Pendulum 426
Acceleration 280
13.7 Damped Oscillations 428
9.3 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics 283
13.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 430
9.4 Energy in Rotational Motion 286
9.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem 291 Summary 433
*9.6 Moment-of-Inertia Calculations 293 Exercises/Problems 435
Summary 296
Exercises/Problems 297 14
FLUID MECHANICS 444
14.1 Density 444
10 DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL
14.2 Pressure in a Fluid 446
MOTION 305
14.3 Buoyancy 451
10.1 Torque 305 14.4 Fluid Flow 454
10.2 Torque and Angular Acceleration 14.5 Bernoulli’s Equation 456
for a Rigid Body 308 *14.6 Viscosity and Turbulence 460
10.3 Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis 312 Summary 463
10.4 Work and Power in Rotational Motion 318 Exercises/Problems 464
10.5 Angular Momentum 320
10.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum 322
10.7 Gyroscopes and Precession 326
Summary 330 WAVES/ACOUSTICS
Exercises/Problems 332
15
MECHANICAL WAVES 472
11
EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY 342
15.1 Types of Mechanical Waves 473
11.1 Conditions for Equilibrium 343 15.2 Periodic Waves 474
11.2 Centre of Gravity 343 15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave 477
11.3 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems 346 15.4 Speed of a Transverse Wave 483
11.4 Stress, Strain and Elastic Moduli 351 15.5 Energy in Wave Motion 487
11.5 Elasticity and Plasticity 356 15.6 Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions
Summary 358 and Superposition 490
Exercises/Problems 359 15.7 Standing Waves on a String 492
15.8 Normal Modes of a String 496
12 Summary 501
GRAVITATION 371 Exercises/Problems 503
12.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 371
12.2 Weight 376 16
SOUND AND HEARING 511
12.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 378
12.4 The Motion of Satellites 381
16.1 Sound Waves 511
12.5 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets 384
16.2 Speed of Sound Waves 516
*12.6 Spherical Mass Distributions 388
16.3 Sound Intensity 521
*12.7 Apparent Weight and the Earth’s Rotation 391
16.4 Standing Sound Waves and Normal
12.8 Black Holes 393
Modes 525
Summary 398
16.5 Resonance and Sound 530
Exercises/Problems 399
16.6 Interference of Waves 532
16.7 Beats 534
13
16.8 The Doppler Effect 536
PERIODIC MOTION 407
*16.9 Shock Waves 542
13.1 Describing Oscillation 407 Summary 545
13.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 409 Exercises/Problems 547
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viii Detailed Contents
THERMODYNAMICS ELECTROMAGNETISM
17
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT 554 21 ELECTRIC CHARGE
AND ELECTRIC FIELD 688
17.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium 555
17.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 556 21.1 Electric Charge 689
17.3 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale 557 21.2 Conductors, Insulators and Induced Charges 692
17.4 Thermal Expansion 559 21.3 Coulomb’s Law 695
17.5 Quantity of Heat 565 21.4 Electric Field and Electric Forces 700
17.6 Calorimetry and Phase Changes 569 21.5 Electric-Field Calculations 706
21.6 Electric Field Lines 712
17.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 575
21.7 Electric Dipoles 714
Summary 582
Summary 718
Exercises/Problems 584
Exercises/Problems 720
18 THERMAL PROPERTIES 22
GAUSS’S LAW 728
OF MATTER 592
22.1 Charge and Electric Flux 728
18.1 Equations of State 593
22.2 Calculating Electric Flux 731
18.2 Molecular Properties of Matter 599
22.3 Gauss’s Law 735
18.3 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 601
22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law 739
18.4 Heat Capacities 608
22.5 Charges on Conductors 745
*18.5 Molecular Speeds 611
Summary 750
18.6 Phases of Matter 613
Exercises/Problems 751
Summary 617
23
Exercises/Problems 619
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 758
23.1 Electric Potential Energy 758
19 THE FIRST LAW OF
23.2 Electric Potential 765
THERMODYNAMICS 626
23.3 Calculating Electric Potential 772
19.1 Thermodynamic Systems 626 23.4 Equipotential Surfaces 776
19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes 627 23.5 Potential Gradient 779
19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States 630 Summary 782
19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Exercises/Problems 783
Thermodynamics 631
19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes 636 24 CAPACITANCE
19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 638 AND DIELECTRICS 791
19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas 639
24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance 792
19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 642
24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 796
Summary 645
24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors
Exercises/Problems 647
and Electric-Field Energy 800
24.4 Dielectrics 804
20 THE SECOND LAW OF *24.5 Molecular Model of Induced Charge 809
THERMODYNAMICS 653 *24.6 Gauss’s Law in Dielectrics 811
Summary 813
20.1 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes 653
Exercises/Problems 814
20.2 Heat Engines 655
20.3 Internal-Combustion Engines 658
25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND
20.4 Refrigerators 660
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 822
20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 662
20.6 The Carnot Cycle 664 25.1 Current 823
20.7 Entropy 670 25.2 Resistivity 826
*20.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy 677 25.3 Resistance 829
Summary 680 25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits 833
Exercises/Problems 682 25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits 839
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Detailed Contents ix
*25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction 843 *29.8 Superconductivity 985
Summary 847 Summary 987
Exercises/Problems 849 Exercises/Problems 988
26 30
DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 855 INDUCTANCE 996
26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel 855 30.1 Mutual Inductance 996
26.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules 860 30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors 1000
26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments 865 30.3 Inductors and Magnetic-Field Energy 1004
26.4 R-CCircuits 870 30.4 The R-LCircuit 1007
26.5 Power Distribution Systems 874
30.5 The L-CCircuit 1011
Summary 877
30.6 The L-R-CSeries Circuit 1015
Exercises/Problems 878
Summary 1018
Exercises/Problems 1019
27 MAGNETIC FIELD
31
AND MAGNETIC FORCES 886
ALTERNATING CURRENT 1026
27.1 Magnetism 886
31.1 Phasors and Alternating Currents 1026
27.2 Magnetic Field 888
31.2 Resistance and Reactance 1029
27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux 892
31.3 The L-R-CSeries Circuit 1035
27.4 Motion of Charged Particles
31.4 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 1039
in a Magnetic Field 895
31.5 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits 1042
27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles 899
31.6 Transformers 1045
27.6 Magnetic Force on a
Summary 1049
Current-Carrying Conductor 902
Exercises/Problems 1050
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop 905
*27.8 The Direct-Current Motor 911 32
*27.9 The Hall Effect 913 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 1056
Summary 915
32.1 Maxwell’s Equations
Exercises/Problems 917
and Electromagnetic Waves 1057
28 32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD 926 and the Speed of Light 1060
32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves 1065
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge 926
32.4 Energy and Momentum
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element 929
in Electromagnetic Waves 1070
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight
32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves 1075
Current-Carrying Conductor 931
Summary 1079
28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors 934
28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop 936 Exercises/Problems 1080
28.6 Ampere’s Law 938
28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law 942
*28.8 Magnetic Materials 945
OPTICS
Summary 951
Exercises/Problems 953
33 THE NATURE AND
29 ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION OF LIGHT 1085
INDUCTION 961
33.1 The Nature of Light 1085
29.1 Induction Experiments 962 33.2 Reflection and Refraction 1087
29.2 Faraday’s Law 964 33.3 Total Internal Reflection 1093
29.3 Lenz’s Law 972 *33.4 Dispersion 1096
29.4 Motional Electromotive Force 974 33.5 Polarisation 1097
29.5 Induced Electric Fields 976 *33.6 Scattering of Light 1106
*29.6 Eddy Currents 979 33.7 Huygens’s Principle 1108
29.7 Displacement Current Summary 1111
and Maxwell’s Equations 981 Exercises/Problems 1113
Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition