Rothman-Simeone The Spine

2020 Pages·2011·193.623 MB·English

by  Harry N. Herkowitz, Steven R. Garfin, Frank J. Eismont, Gordon R. Bell, Richard A. Balderston (eds.)

Rothman-Simeone
THE SPINE

Rothman-Simeone
T H E SP I N E
Sixth Edition
Volume 1
Harry N. Herkowitz, MD
Chairman, Orthopaedic Surgery
William Beaumont Hospital
Professor and Chairman, Orthopaedic Surgery
Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine
Royal Oak, Michigan
Steven R. Garfin, MD
Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California
San Diego, California
Frank J. Eismont, MD
Leonard M. Miller Professor and Chairman
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine
Miami, Florida
Gordon R. Bell, MD
Director, Center for Spine Health
Neurological Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio
Richard A. Balderston, MD
Chief, Spine Service
Pennsylvania Hospital
Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ROTHMAN-SIMEONE THE SPINE, SIXTH EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4160-6726-9
Copyright © 2011, 2006, 1999, 1992, 1982, 1975 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
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With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
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contained in the material herein.
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The sixth edition of The Spine is based on the principles instilled in us, the Editorial Board, when we were fellows
with Drs. Rothman and Simeone. Perhaps the most important are the joys of continually teaching, learning,
questioning, and trying to understand the complexities of the spine, including diagnosis and treatment through
critical analysis of natural history data and treatment outcomes. These occurred for all of us before the terms
evidence-based medicine and comparative effectiveness came into common parlance and are an everyday part of
what we do and how we think. As evidenced by this book, other important principles include (1) thorough
knowledge of basic science as it relates to the clinical condition, (2) understanding of the natural history of spinal
disorders, (3) knowledge and interpretive skills of imaging modalities and laboratory studies, (4) treatment
decisions that are based on sound scientific principles, and (5) commitment to education and research to further
the knowledge base of spinal disorders. As with all previous editions, this one remains dedicated to Drs. Rothman
and Simeone, our teachers and friends.
The Editorial Board also wishes to dedicate this edition of The Spine to those giants of spine surgery who have
passed on since the last edition was published. These include Leon Wiltse, Allan Levine, and Henry Bohlman.
Their contributions have significantly influenced our thought processes and clinical decisions. Their legacies will
continue to influence future generations of spine surgeons, as we will always remember the richness of their
friendship and their dedication to our profession.
Sincerely,
The Editorial Board
To my wife, Jan, and my children, Seth Adam, Laura, and Rachael Helene, for their love, understanding, and
support. To the residents and fellows whose enthusiasm for knowledge and “all the answers” inspires me to
continue academic pursuits. To Stanko Stanisavljevic, MD, my chairman, who taught me the meaning of hard
work and perseverance. To Richard Rothman, MD, PhD, my mentor and friend, for always being there for me. To
Steve Garfin, Frank Eismont, Jim Weinstein, Gordon Bell, Sam Wiesel, and Ed Hanley, whose friendship and
camaraderie over the past 30 years have made the journey so special.
Harry N. Herkowitz, MD
As time passes and techniques change, it becomes an increasing challenge to keep this book fresh and updated
and to encourage friends and colleagues to write new chapters (for this and other books). It is easier for this one,
however, because of the importance this book has attained in the spine world, and the dedication and fondness we
have for our mentors. It is also easier for me to do because I am helped by the love and support from my family
(Susan, Jessica, Cory, and now Ron) who understand the time it takes to practice medicine, do research, teach, and
write. Also, to my friend and colleague Liz Stimson, who is a calm strength and cornerstone of our spine service.
Steven R. Garfin, MD
To my wife, Emily, and my children, Austin, Adam, April, Allison, and Andrew, whose love, encouragement, and
tolerance have allowed me to avidly pursue my medical interests, and to Drs. Richard Rothman and Fred Simeone,
who have been excellent role models for me to try to emulate regarding medical education and patient care.
Frank J. Eismont, MD
To my wife, Kathy, for her love, patience, understanding, and support.
To my children, Gordie, Megan, and Michael, for making efforts such as this worthwhile.
To my parents, Gordon and Ann, for their support in making this possible.
Gordon R. Bell, MD
To my wife, Claudia, for all the help she has given me over the past 35 years.
Richard A. Balderston, MD

Contributors
Steven S. Agabegi, MD Peter D. Angevine, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurological Surgery,
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio York, New York
Pediatric Kyphosis: Scheuermann Disease and Fixed Sagittal Imbalance
Congenital Deformity Postoperative Deformity of the Cervical Spine
Todd J. Albert, MD Joshua D. Auerbach, MD
Richard Rothman Professor and Chair, Orthopaedics, Thomas Chief of Spine Surgery, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center;
Jefferson University and Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Assistant Professor of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of
Surgical Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Medicine, Bronx, New York
Postoperative Deformity of the Cervical Spine
Howard S. An, MD
Richard A. Balderston, MD
The Morton International Endowed Chair, Professor of
Orthopaedic Surgery; Director, Division of Spine Surgery and Chief, Spine Service, Orthopaedics, Pennsylvania Hospital;
Spine Fellowship Program, Rush University Medical Center, Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of
Chicago, Illinois Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Cervical Spine: Surgical Approaches Anterior Exposure to the Lumbosacral Spine:
Anatomy and Techniques
Dheera Ananthakrishnan, MD, MSE
Lumbar Total Disc Replacement
Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic and Spine Center, Emory
Kresimir Banovac, MD, PhD
Healthcare; Assistant Professor, Orthopaedics, Grady
Healthcare Systems; Assistant Professor, Orthopaedics, Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Assistant Professor, of Miami; Director of Spinal Cord Division, Jackson Memorial
Orthopaedics, VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia Medical Center, Miami, Florida
Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation
D. Greg Anderson, MD Qi-Bin Bao, PhD
Associate Professor, Thomas Jefferson University; Spinal Chief Technology Officer, Pioneer Surgical Technology,
Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Marquette, Michigan
Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Lumbar Nucleus Replacement
Pennsylvania
Joel A. Bauman, MD
Posterior Minimally Invasive Lumbar Fusion Techniques
Resident, Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania,
Megan E. Anderson, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord
Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Asheesh Bedi, MD
Tumors of the Spine
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Paul A. Anderson, MD
University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine
Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Gordon R. Bell, MD
Injuries of the Lower Cervical Spine
Director, Center for Spine Health, Neurological Institute,
Gunnar B. J. Andersson, MD, PhD
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Ronald L. DeWald Professor and Chairman Emeritus, Spine Imaging
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Center, Chicago, Illinois
Lumbar Disc Disease
Annular Repair
vii
viii  Contributors
Carlo Bellabarba, MD Keith H. Bridwell, MD
Director, Orthopaedic Spine Service, Department of Asa C. and Dorothy W. Jones Professor of Orthopaedic
Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Harborview Medical Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis; Chief, Adult/
Center; Associate Professor, Department of Orthopaedics and Pediatric Spinal Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes
Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
Medicine, Seattle, Washington Fixed Sagittal Imbalance
Sacral Fractures
Stephen H. M. Brown, PhD
David M. Benglis, Jr., MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Health and Nutritional
Resident Physician, Department of Neurosurgery, University Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
of Miami, Miami, Florida Anatomy and Mechanics of the Abdominal Muscles
Syringomyelia
Robert Byers, MD
Joseph R. Berger, MD
Mt. Tam Spine Center, Larkspur, California
Ruth L. Works Professor and Chairman, Neurology, University Surgical Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Peter G. Campbell, MD
Medical Myelopathies
Neurosurgical Resident, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital,
Sigurd Berven, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Associate Professor in Residence, Department of Orthopaedic Spinal Dural Injuries
Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,
Eugene Carragee, MD
California
Professor and Vice-Chairman, Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford
Adult Scoliosis
University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Spinal
Nitin N. Bhatia, MD
Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford,
Chief, Spine Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical California
Center; Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, University Discography
of California, Irvine, California
Jens R. Chapman, MD
Postoperative Spinal Infections
Professor and Acting Chair; Director, Spine Service;
Ashok Biyani, MD
Hansjöerg Wyss Endowed Chair, Department of
Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine; Joint Professor of
University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle,
Lumbar Disc Disease
Washington
Scott D. Boden, MD Sacral Fractures
Professor of Orthopaedics and Director, Emory Orthopaedics Kingsley R. Chin, MD
and Spine Center, Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University;
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon; Founder, The Institute for
Staff Physician, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atlanta
Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, West Palm Beach, Florida
VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
Late Decompression for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Genetic Applications: An Overview
Elisha K. Clouse, RN, BSN, CCRP
†Henry H. Bohlman, MD
Director of Clinical Research, Tristate Orthopaedic Treatment
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Spine Institute,
Center; Student, University of Cincinnati, School of Nursing,
University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve
Cincinnati, Ohio
Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio
Vascular Complications in Spinal Surgery
Late Decompression of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Howard M. Cohen, MD
Christopher M. Bono, MD
Adjunct Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Nursing,
Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas; Associate
School; Chief, Orthopaedic Spine Service, Brigham and
Medical Director, Productive Rehabilitation Institute of Dallas
Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
for Ergonomics (P.R.I.D.E.), Dallas, Texas
Development of the Spine
Functional Restoration
Applied Anatomy of the Spine
Lumbar Disc Herniations Edward C. Covington, MD
David G. Borenstein, MD Director, Neurological Center for Pain, Cleveland Clinic
Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
Clinical Professor of Medicine, The George Washington
Psychologic Strategies for Chronic Pain
University Medical Center, Washington, DC
Arthritic Disorders
†Deceased.
Contributors  ix
Alvin H. Crawford, MD, FACS Jason C. Eck, DO
Professor of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Assistant Professor of Orthopedics and Physical
Cincinnati Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Worcester, Massachusetts
Pediatric Kyphosis: Scheuermann Disease and Thoracic Disc Disease
Congenital Deformity
Robert Eilert, MD
Terrence T. Crowder, MD
Emeritus Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics,
Associate, Sonoran Spine Center, Mesa, Arizona University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
Cervical Radiculopathy: Anterior Surgical Approach The Immature Spine and Athletic Injuries
Bryan W. Cunningham, MSc Frank J. Eismont, MD
Director Spinal Research, Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Joseph Leonard M. Miller Professor and Chairman, Department of
Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of
Failed Disc Replacement Medicine, Miami, Florida
Thoracic Disc Disease
Bradford L. Currier, MD
Injuries of the Upper Cervical Spine
Professor of Orthopaedics; Director of Spine Fellowship
Infections of the Spine
Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Sanford E. Emery, MD, MBA
Infections of the Spine
Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthopaedics, West
Scott D. Daffner, MD
Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, West Surgical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West
Steven T. Ericksen, MD
Virginia
Surgical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Resident Physician, Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo,
Toledo, Ohio
Michael Dahl, PhD
Lumbar Disc Disease
Research Scientist, Disc Dynamics, Inc., Eden Prairie,
Reginald S. Fayssoux, MD
Minnesota
Lumbar Nucleus Replacement Fellow in Orthopaedic Spine Surgery; Clinical Instructor,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University Spine
Clayton L. Dean, MD
Center, Atlanta, Georgia
The Maryland Spine Center, Baltimore, Maryland
Complications of Spinal Surgery
Nonoperative Management of Cervical Disc and
Catherine J. Fedorka, MD
Degenerative Disorders
Orthopaedic Surgery Resident, Drexel University College of
Michael J. DeLeo III, MD
Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia,
Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Pennsylvania
Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spinal Trauma
Vascular Anatomy of the Spine, Imaging, and Endovascular of the Immature Spine
Treatment of Spinal Vascular Diseases
Richard G. Fessler, MD
Scott L. Delp, PhD
Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern
James H. Clark Professor of Bioengineering, Mechanical University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Engineering, and Orthopaedic Surgery; Co-Director, Stanford Rationale of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery
Center for Biomedical Computing, Stanford University, Palo
Jeffrey D. Fischgrund, MD
Alto, California
Architectural Design and Function of Human Back Muscles Fellowship Director, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,
Michigan
Richard Derby, MD
Cervical Radiculopathy: Anterior Surgical Approach
Medical Director, Spinal Diagnostics and Treatment Center,
Kevin Foley, MD
Daly City, California
Targeting Pain Generators Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Semmes-Murphey Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee
Clinton J. Devin, MD
Minimally Invasive Posterior Approaches to the Spine
Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt
Winston Fong, MD
University, Nashville, Tennessee
Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spinal Trauma Spine Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McBride
of the Immature Spine Clinic, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Bone Substitutes: Basic Science and Clinical Applications
W. Dalton Dietrich III, PhD
The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
Basic Science of Spinal Cord Injury