REFORESTING MUMBAI

81 Pages·2008·16.22 MB·English

by  Apurva Marathe

REFORESTING MUMBAI:
AN ANALYSIS OF LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE
USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
by
APURVA MARATHE
(Under the Direction of Thomas W. Hodler)
ABSTRACT
In this paper land-use land-cover change dynamics was investigated by the combined use
of satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). The objective of
this paper was to determine transition among land-use land-cover types in Mumbai over a
period of 28 years from 1973 to 2001, and to access the reasons for this change. Using a
Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) from 1973, 1992 and 2001 respectively, the
three images were classified into six land-use land-cover types: water, wetland, forest,
bare land, built-up land and high density built-up land. An accuracy assessment was
performed, transition matrices were created and maps were produced depicting the
change in all the classes in the three years. The reasons for the change were also
analyzed. It was seen that significant changes in land-use land-cover occurred within the
area over the study period. As expected, the area showed significant increase in the built-
up and high density built-up area. The results also showed change in the land-use land-
cover from built-up area to forest area showing the effects of reforestation taking place in
the city. The study demonstrates that the integration of remote sensing and GIS was an
effective approach for analyzing the land-use land-cover change process.
INDEX WORDS: Satellite Remote Sensing, GIS, Land-use and land-cover, Land-use
land-cover Classification, Unsupervised Classification, Accuracy Assessment, Transition
Matrix, Reforestation, Slum Redevelopment, Google Earth.
REFORESTING MUMBAI:
AN ANALYSIS OF LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE

USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

by

APURVA MARATHE
B.A., University of Mumbai, India, 2001
M.A., University of Mumbai, India, 2003

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE

ATHENS, GEORGIA
2008
© 2008

Apurva Marathe

All Rights Reserved
REFORESTING MUMBAI:
AN ANALYSIS OF LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE

USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

by

APURVA MARATHE

Major Professor: Thomas Hodler

Committee: Thomas Jordan
Xiaobai Yao

Electronic Version Approved:

Maureen Grasso
Dean of the Graduate School
The University of Georgia
May 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I want to recognize the high interest, active participation and strong support of my
major professor Dr. Thomas W. Hodler, whose contribution was beyond the expected
advice from a major professor. His presence was there in every step of the way. The door
to his office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about
my research or writing.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. Thomas Jordan for
his support and inspiration. He was a constant source of new ideas during the early stages
of this undertaking. He always had a solution to any kind of problem I ran into.
I would also like to thank Dr. Yao for serving me on my committee and providing
with last minute helpful comments.
I would like to thank my entire family and especially my mother, for the love and
support I received since day one. Without them I would not have been able to achieve
what I have achieved. I would also like to thank my husband for being an inspiration to
go forward without fear.
Finally I would like to apologize to all I must have forgotten to mention and who
have helped me during this endeavor.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1
1.1 Mumbai.................................................................................................1
1.2 Population.............................................................................................2
1.3 Area.......................................................................................................3
1.4 Class Difference and Distribution.........................................................7
1.5 Reforestation Movements.....................................................................8
1.6 Remote Sensing and GIS......................................................................9
1.7 Objectives...........................................................................................10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................12
2.1 Anderson’s Land-use Land-cover Classification Overview...............12
2.2 Classification of Land-use and Land-cover........................................13
3 METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................17
3.1 Satellite Imagery.................................................................................17
3.2 Processing Techniques Summarized...................................................21
3.3 Satellite Imagery Selection.................................................................21
3.4 Image Resolution................................................................................21
3.5 Classification Procedures....................................................................22
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3.6 Google Earth.......................................................................................27
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................28
4.1 Land-use and Land-cover Composition..............................................28
4.2 Accuracy Assessment.........................................................................35
4.3 Land-use and Land-cover Change Analysis.......................................37
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION................................................................61
5.1 Conclusion from the Analysis.............................................................61
5.2 Limitations..........................................................................................64
5.3 Summary.............................................................................................65
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................67

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Land-use and land-cover classification scheme specific to the Mumbai
Metropolitan region.........................................................................................13
Table 3.1: Characteristics of the satellite data used for land-use land-cover change
mapping in the Mumbai area...........................................................................22
Table 3.2: Maps to be produced.........................................................................................26
Table 4.1: Area distribution in square miles for all categories in each year of study …...34
Table 4.2: Overall classification accuracy and kappa statistics………………………….37
Table 4.3: Land-use land-cover transition matrix from 1973 to 1992...............................38
Table 4.4: Land-use land-cover transition matrix from 1992 to 2001...............................43
Table 4.5: Land-use land-cover transition matrix from 1973 to 2001...............................54

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Population of Mumbai.......................................................................................2
Figure 1.2: Geographic position of Mumbai within India...................................................4
Figure 1.3: Seven islands of Mumbai..................................................................................5
Figure 1.4: Metropolis of Mumbai.......................................................................................6
Figure 1.5: Dharavi..............................................................................................................8
Figure 3.1: Landsat MSS Image of 1973...........................................................................18
Figure 3.2: Landsat TM Image of 1992.............................................................................19
Figure 3.3: Landsat ETM+ Image of 2001........................................................................20
Figure 3.4: Low density built-up land................................................................................23
Figure 3.5: Low density built-up land................................................................................24
Figure 3.6: High density built-up land...............................................................................24
Figure 3.7: High density built-up land...............................................................................25
Figure 4.1: Land-use and land-cover of Mumbai for 1973................................................29
Figure 4.2: Land-use and land-cover of Mumbai for 1992................................................30
Figure 4.3: Land-use and land-cover of Mumbai for 2001................................................31
Figure 4.4: Land-use and land-cover statistics for 1973....................................................32
Figure 4.5: Land-use and land-cover statistics for 1992....................................................32
Figure 4.6: Land-use and land-cover statistics for 2001....................................................33
Figure 4.7: Comparative statistics for land-use and land-cover for 1973, 1992 and 200133
Figure 4.8: Overall change in all classes, 1973 to 1992....................................................39
Figure 4.9: Change in Built-up area, 1973 to 1992............................................................40
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