RADIO. APRIL, 1963 26 Vol. 25 No. I TELEVISION and HOBBIES RADIO, TELEVISION HI Fl

132 Pages·2017·19.8 MB·English

APRIL, 1963
26
RADIO. Vol. 25 No. I
RADIO, TELEVISSIIOONN ,
TELEVISION
HI Fl, ELECTRO)NNIICCSS,,
and HOBBIES AMATEUR RADIO,
POPULAR SCIENCE,
HOBBIES.
Registered in Austrdlie for transmission by post as a periodical
Mm I
tr.
;
7 // / / / / rn
■■■
AHAIGAHATID WIRIUSS VAIVI COMPANY PlY. MM HID
RADIOXROIM
PICTURE TUBES
PAGE 2 RADIO, TELEVISION & HOBBIES APRIL, 1963
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...
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In radio communications, knowledge is progress. Only knowledge
can mean progress; in turn, progress itself maintains our present
high standard of living.
u r- Radio-communications has its place in the community and the
r
I»» expansion of this industry with the ever changing techniques
require specially trained personnel to keep the picture of progress
moving.
No one is in a better position to advance with this progress than the
B
trained technician.
The Marconi School of Wireless has combined training facilities
MUM with the most up-to-date methods to ensure that every graduate
has the knowledge necessary to become thoroughly competent in
this field.
MARCONI Please send me without obligation your prospectus.
FILL IN AND POST
NAME
COUPON TO-DAY TO
ADDRESS
OF
MARCONI
Call, write or phono— MARCONI SCHOOL OF WIRELESS
SYDNEY
47 York Street 2 0233 SCHOOL OF Conducted by:
MELBOURNE AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (AUSTRALASIA) LIMITED
167 Queen Street 67 9161 WIRELESS {Incorporated in New South Wales)
AUSTRALIA'S NATIONAL ELECTRONICS JOURNAL
RADIO, TELEVISION and HOBBIES
ABC CERTIFIED CIRCULATION IN EXCESS OF 39,000
Volume 135, Number 1. April, 1963
Editors
LETS BE REALISTIC! NEVILLE WILLIAMS
M.I.R.E. (Auit.) (VK2XV).
rpHE results achieved with the "Telstar" and
* "Relay" communication satellites have in- Technical Editor:
spired a lot of extravagant speculation as to PHILIP WATSON (VKUPW)
what it all signities for the future. A.M.I.R.I. (Aust.).
For example, our children are pictured, sev- Technical Staff:
eral years hence, telephoning their friends over- KEITH JEFFCOAT (VKSBK)
seas, as casually as they do now from one sub- JAMIESON ROWE
urb to the next. Or better still, chatting half-way IAN POGSON (VK2AZN)
across the world per medium of a tiny all- JOHN DAVIDSON (VK2ZJi)
purpose transceiver strapped to their wrist. MERVYN HUDDLESTON
What possible merit such "forecasts" can
Advertising:
have I fail to see. No great talent is required
SELWYN SAYERS, Mgr.
to paint vivid word pictures of the future; science
BILL SUMMONS, Rep. Sydney.
fiction writers have been doing it for a long
DON HARPER, Rep. Melbourne.
time and on a vast scale with the added burden
of having to supply a plot as well! Circulation:
But the present crop of forecasters, having lightly brushed aside W. CUMMINO, Mgr.
enormous technical and physical difficulties, equally omit to waste any
Subscription Rates:
of their talents on such a small matter as economics. The
C'waelth, Fl|l, N. Guinea,
British Government, for example, is currently considering the
•possibility of setting up a Commonwealth-wide satellite communication United Kingdom and N. 'iWi X.
British Dominions £A2 p.a.
system. Costs have been mentioned of £stgl00 million for 12 satellite Foreign £A2/10/- p.a.
repeaters, another £100 million for the launchers, and a further enormous
outlay for steerable antennas, transmitters, receivers and terminal equipment. Editorial Offices:
12th Floor, 235-243 Jones St.
Can you really envisage all this being turned over to casual, four- Broadway, Sydney. Phone B0944.
Ext. 2531, 2525-6-7.
penny telephone calls? Or used as an ancillary to some sort of inter-
national "Citizens Band"? One would need to be very naive, indeed, Advertising Offices;
to believe so. (th Floor, 235-243 Jones St.,
Broadway, Sydney. Phono B0944,
There has been a lot of talk also about satellites being used — or Ext. 2931, 2508, 2510.
misused — by one country to flood another with undesired TV pro-
paganda. In fact, of course, the historic transmission of television by Circulation Dept.:
"Telstar" required the full cooperation of the receiving countries! involving 9th Floor, 235-243 Jones St.
Broadway, Sydney. Phone B0944,
special aerials and special receivers to pick up the t-iny signal coming Ext. 2505, 2509.
from space. After that, the signal lhad to be converted to the local
standard and piped to normal TV stations for local transmission. Postal Address;
Box 2728, G.P.O., Sydney. (Re
To pour illicit transmissions directly into a nation's television re- technkal queries, see "Answers
To Correspondents" page.)
ceivers, on channels already occupied, would call for an order of trans-
mitted power, completely beyond the present concept of satellites, satellite Melbourne Office;
equipment and satellite launchers. 392 Little Collins St. Phono
67-8131.
Please, gentlemen, let's get down to earth!
Cover Picture:
^4/
In this rather unusual group,
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Toward Limitless Energy 4 TV Test Patterns 56 energy from about SOMc.
Viewing Atoms ... 7 24W. Transistor Amplifier 64 upwards, the materials arc
Horizontal Linearity 72 used to line radio frequency
Putting The Laser To Work 9 A Reader Built It 74 "anecholc chambers" in which
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Solar Powered Satellite 14 Classical Reviews . . 88
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Radio, Television & Hobbies, April, 1963 Ltd.; "Mercunr." Hobert. '
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Radio, Te/evision & Hobbies, April, 1963
such force that they fuse to form
nuclei of greater mass. In each case,
the mass of the new nucleus is some-
what less than the combined masses of
those which fused to form it. The
leftover mass is radiated in the form
of energy.
The fuel for the process is heavy
hydrogen, an atomic variant of normal
hydrogen, which is found in virtually
Jt unlimited quantity in all of the oceans
of the world. But while the fuel is
plentiful, the means for employing it
are so far non-existent.
Creating the environment for con-
trolled fusion is an immensely compli-
cated task which science has yet to
prove possible of achievement. The
-V. incentives are so great, however, that
hundreds of millions of dollars are
being invested in fusion research pro-
grams that occupy an imposing array
The model C Stellarator installed at
the Princeton University, NJ.
A CLUSTER of large, angular buildings, placed like of scientific talents in the United States and other leading
-'*• oversized boxes in the wooded landscape of central nations, including Russia.
New Jersey, is the focal point of a major scientific thrust The formidable nature of the problem is evident in
that could lead one day to all but inexhaustible sources the conditions that must be created in order to generate
of energy for mankind. and sustain the fusion process. The required environ-
ment is a vacuum vessel containing a heated plasma —
Housed within the building complex is an oval-
a gas so hot that all of its electrons are torn away from
shaped 180-ton assembly of stainless steel tubing and
its atomic nuclei to form what science now recognises
immense magnets forming a unique research machine
as a fourth state of matter that differs basically from
known as the Model C Stellarator—a "stellar genera-
liquid, solid, or gaseous states.
tor" designed to raise ionized hydrogen gas to tempera-
The plasma must then be heated to tens of millions
tures approaching those that exist inside the sun and
of degrees in order to impart sufficient energy to cause
other stars.
high-velocity collisions among the nuclei. At the same
The C Stellarator and the massive electronic and
time, the superheated plasma must be contained in a
electric power systems that surround and feed it, repre-
limited space for a long enough time to permit an appre-
sent an outstanding achievement in university-industry
ciable portion of the nuclei to fuse together.
government co-operation to forge what is probably the
Containers of solid material are useless for this
most powerful single instrument for probing a vastly purpose, because the plasma would lose so much heat by
challenging frontier of modern science—the quest for contact with the walls that the reaction would be
means of achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion for quenched. Instead, scientists are experimenting with
the production of power. extremely jtrong magnetic confining fields to compress
The Stellarator—designated Model C to indicate the the plasma within the centre of the vacuum vessel, away
third and by far the most powerful variant in a series— from the walls.
was conceived and is now operated by Princeton Uni- These procedures are based upon well developed
versity scientists in a broad research program sponsored theory for which direct proof is so far in short supply.
by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. The machine For example, it is not yet certain whether the intensely
and its extensive supporting facilities were designed and hot plasma can be confined by a magnetic field long
built for the University and the A.E.G. by the Radio enough to sustain a fusion reaction. Furthermore, it is
Corporation of America and the Allis-Chalmers Manu- equally uncertain whether presently contemplated tech-
facturing Company in a five-year engineering team ef- niques can provide high enough temperatures or suf-
fort drawing upon new and advanced concepts of elec- ficiently pure heavy hydrogen plasma.
tronics and electrical technology. With the great new C Stellarator, the scientists of
The mission of the C Stellarator is to explore basic Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory hope
scientific problem areas in which solutions may open to obtain at least some of the answers to these basic
the way to controlled thermonuclear fusion. Success in questions. To this end, the machine is intended to create
achieving this long-range goal could tap an energy a laboratory environment in which the problems of
source of unbelievable scope, capable of supplying all purity, heating, and magnetic field confinement can be
human wants for a billion years to come, at a con- studied at first hand.
sumption level perhaps 1,000 times greater than the total The raison d'etre of the powerful instrument is de-
of world power requirements today. scribed this way by Dr Lyman Spitzer, jun., originator of
Thermonuclear fusion is the energy-producing pro- the Stellarator concept and Chairman of the Executive
cess that occurs in the sun and stars. In its simplest Committee of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory:
terms, it results from the collision of atomic nuclei with "Smaller devices at Princeton have shown promising
Radio, Television & Hobbles, April, 1963
results, but plasma on a small scale cannot be heated suf-
ficiently nor confined for a long enough time to carry
out research on conditions most relevant to thermonuclear
reactor. The Model C Sfellarator, with a diameter four
times larger than most of our smaller Stellarators, should
produce plasmas more similar to those required in a
power-producing device.
"Moreover, the auxiliary supporting facilities, includ-
ing such systems as direct current generators for produc-
ing the confining magnetic field and radio-frequency
power sources for heating the plasma, will make pos-
r
sible an experimental program on a number of large
devices of which the present C Stellarator is the first."
The electronic aspects of the Stellarator underscore
the major role to be played by advanced electronic
technology in the quest for — and, hopefully, the
eventual use of — controlled thermonuclear fusion.
In meeting the unprecedented requirements of
vacuum and heat, RCA's development program drew
heavily upon long-established skills in electron tube tech-
nology, high-power broadcast equipment engineering,
and electronic data processing and control systems. Par- o
ticipating in the work at various stages of the five-year
effort were specialists of the RCA Electron Tube, Elec-
tronic Data Processing, and Broadcast and Communi-
cations Divisions, as well as scientists of RCA Labora-
tories. RCA Laboratories administered the company's
portion of the project, and engineers and technicians of .-i f-
the RCA Service Company were involved in the in-
stallation and testing of the system.
LARGE VESSEL Measuring the magnetic field intide a unit of
The heart of the Stellarator is an extremely large of the Stellarator't healing system.
ultra-high-vacuum vessel — a stainless steel tube eight
inches in diameter and 40 feet long, closed on itself to confine the heated plasma for far longer periods than
to form an oval resembling a race track. The great had been possible with the earlier small machines used
tube is almost entirely hidden within the array of large by the Princeton scientists.
magnetic coils which create the strong confining field "The engineering program has been brought to an
to hold the healed plasma away from the tube walls. outstandingly successful conclusion with the completion
The associated high-speed pumping system can evacu- of the C device, together with the many intricate sub-
ate the interior of the tube to a vacuum equivalent to systems and supporting facilities," says Dr Spitzer. "It
the near-vacuum of space several hundred miles out from seems clear that the C Stellarator will be an important
the earth's surface — about 10 trillion times below the research tool in the controlled fusion program."
pressure of the atmosphere at sea level.
An array of RCA superpower Rf tubes provides
To heat the plasma to the immensely high stellar
heal for the model C Stellarator.
temperatures needed in experiments, RCA specialists
have designed two types of electronic systems. The
first is the largest electronic power supply of its type
ever installed — an assembly of six to 10 super-power
tubes with an output of up to 500,000 watts each.
Pulses from the tube assembly generate an extreme-
ly strong electrical field around the vacuum chamber,
and the plasma inside the tube becomes hot as a result
of its electrical resistance. Using this process, the re-
searchers can raise the plasma temperature to approxi-
mately 1 million degrees.
r
To carry the heat upward to the temperature levels i
of the sun and stars, another type of process has been
developed, using large banks of capacitors which store
energy for release in bursts of up to 50 million watts. ^Tr-
This immense energy is transmitted to the plasma by 1 '-^T.
means of coils around one section of the tube. Its
absorption by the ions in the plasma should result in
further sharp rise in the plasma temperature so the heavy
hydrogen nuclei may collide and fuse. 56
To control the operation of the Stellarator, engineers
developed an Equipment Action Sequence Timer (EAST), 1
a sophisticated relative of the electronic equipment used
in various industrial control applications. The system may
"r
be thought of in terms of 80 persons with stop watches,
all synchronised with one another to a precision of a
fraction of a millionth of a second. Twenty-five of the
80 are used for switching on and off the major appa-
ratus such as the heating systems. The others provide
trigger pulses for the instrumentation used to observe
and measure experiments.
Already, research with the great machine has start-
ed to provide vitally needed information by its ability
Radio, Television i Hobbies, April, 1963
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Radio, Television & Hobbles, April, 7963
VIEWING ATOMS
with a Field Ion {
Microscope
The world's most powerful microscopic device,
developed recently by a well-known U.S.
physicist, is destined to open new areas of
scientific research and knowledge, especially
in the field of metallurgy, according to
scientific experts.
THE super-powered "Muller Field Ion
Microscope," developed by Dr If
Erwin Muller (Pennsylvania State Uni-
•versity), is capable of producing clear,
precise magnifications in excess of two (Right): Itched to
million diameters. Using the microscope, such a fine point {V
scientists have been able to see indi- that it mutt be
vidual atoms for the first time. examined initially '
Although the existence of the "atomic under a stereo-
Lattice," composed of atoms measuring microscope, a me-
only about 12 billionths of an inch in tallie specimen is tlil
'
diameter, has been known for about 50 here being pre- V|||p|l
years, it remained unseen by the eyes of pared lor exami- "jL
science until the perfection of this new nation through the
microscope. Muller field Ion
First commercial models of the instru- microscope,
ment were introduced by the Central Z' >'
effect causes great magnifications on the
screen, which illuminates — like a tele-
vision screen—wherever the ions strike.
The result is an exact image on the
screen of the surface of the metal speci-
men, magnified up to two million times.
A mirror and attached camera enable
the experimenter to photograph the mag-
(Left). A nearly
nification.
perfect crystal of
tungsten it por- Already the Field Ion Microscope has
trayed in thil helped solve serious problems relating
photo micrograph to the performance of metals under con-
taken, with the ditions in outer space. Defects in the
new field Ion atomic structure of the silver-white
microscope. Mag. metal molybdenum, exposed to radiation
nified 2,700,000 in space, could be seen with the ion
times, each lumin. microscope when not visible under the
most powerful electron microscopes
ous spot repre-
(which tend to blur in magnifications
sents an individ-
approaching one million diameters). The
ual atom of mat-
defect proved to be a missing atom in
ter.
the crystalline "atomic Lattice" of the
metal.
Scientific Company division of the Cenco Because of the principles upon which Scientists hasten to point out. however,
Instruments Corporation at a recent the Cenco microscope operates, it is that the Field Ion Microscope, despite
Chicago microscopy symposium. at present limited to use only on metals its superior power, is not a replacement
According to A. T. Sheldrick, direc- possessing higher ionization potentials for electron microscopes. Price of the
tor of Watson-Cenco Pty. Ltd. (Marrick- than helium and other rare gases used new microscope is about' one-tenth that
ville, N.S.W.), Cenco's Australian in the magnification process. These of the average electron microscope.
affiliate, the new microscope is expected metals include tungsten, platinum,
Speaking at the microscopy sym-
to bring dramatic new research dis- iridium and molybdenum.
posium in Chicago. Dr Muller expressed
cfioevldesr,i esa, nd esppreocvieal lyu sefiunl ams etaa llsucrigeinccael coTnvheen tiinosntarlu mteelnevt isoiopne ratutebse manudc hc olinkseis tas hscoipeen titshtsa t atrhoeu ndde vtihcee , wfuorrtlhd,e r mriegfihnte ds oobny
eadnduC coaultnuioimvneb risatio tioelUs . niniv etrhsiet y wo(rNlde'ws coYlloergke)s, ogflefu noa.r easD cveewancta usru cmrvee espns,eu lma hpmoinledgtai nld gec volinicqeeu , iidna wnwihhtiricothe- twbieso suuulesd.e da foSfneuc ctbh i obalio ogldoiecgvayel lommpaumtctehenr t,aa sn hdet h hesu tamftiearssn,t
user of one of the first commercially the specimen is enclosed, a camera, and Sputnik revolutionised the field of space
produced field ion microscopes, plans to a 25,000-volt power supply. research.
employ the instrument to investigate the
atomic structure of metals, the atomic Helium is inserted into the apparatus Muller's hopes for major scientific
at five microns of pressure. With high breakthroughs as a result of world-wide
nature of defects in the crystalline struc-
ture of metals and alloys, the interaction voltage applied, a field is created around distribution of the Field Ion Microscope
between alloying atoms and these de- protruding atoms on the surface of the are not unfounded.
fects, and for the study of various sur- metal specimen. This causes the helium Now, well into the second decade of
face atomic reactions. in contact with the surface of the speci- the "Atomic Age," with the development
Immediate applications of planned re- men to ionize. The field then "shoots" and world-wide commercial availability
search employing the new microscope the helium ions toward the fluorescent of Cenco's Muller Field Ion Microscope,
include improvements in the strength screen. TTie ions fan out, striking the man—it seems—has only begun to dis-
and resistance of metals and alloys to screen in the same pattern they occupied cover and explore the secrets of the
corrosion. on the specimen surface. The fanning atom.
Radio, Televition & Hobbles, April, 1963
f/u\
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Radio receivers and will have^a ready application in current and future de-
signs of Television, Stereo and Mantle and Auto Radio receivers.
Three models — 8-4C, 8-4H, and 8-41 — are available to meet the various
power handling requirements and acoustic efficiencies called for in TV and
Radio receiver design. Apart from this, as will be seen from the brief
specifications listed below, all of the 8" x 4" loudspeakers are identical,
except for a reduction of the front-to-back depth in the case of Models 8-4H
and 8-4C.
PRINCIPAL. SPECIFICATIONS
Model 8-4 C 'Model 8-4 H Model 8-4 L
Power handling capacity
3/3 Watts Peak 6 Wans Peak 7 Watts Peak
Voice coil Impedance All Models. 3.5 or 15 ohms at 400 c.p.s.
Frequency response All Models. 105 c.p.s. — T k.c.
Air gap flux density
7,250 Gausses 9.200 Gausses 10,200 Gausses
Gap flux
16.200 lines 22.800 lines 25,300 lines
Principal dimensions;
Overall diameter of diaphragm housing
All Wlodcls. 8)m" x 4)6"
Diameter of baffle opening
7V x 3V TV x 3 V 7V x 3 V
Diameter of voice coil
%" %" Va"
Depth from pad ring to rear
21/4" 2'/j" 2%"