Programming in ANSI C - Loughborough University Institutional

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Programming in ANSI C
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Citation: DAWSON, R., 2001. Programming in ANSI C. Third Edition.
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Programming in
C
ANSI
Third Edition
Ray Dawson
Group D Publications
2 Programming in ANSI C

This is an online copy of a book published by Group D Publications Ltd.
Apart from this page it is an identical copy of the third edition of “Programming in
ANSI C” by Ray Dawson

All rights reserved. This online version of the book is provided for personal and
educational use only. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by
photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or by any other means, without the prior
permission of the publisher except in the case of duplication by professional
educators for use by their students. Copies of this online version cannot be duplicated
and sold for profit by any organisation.

Copyright © 2006 by Ray Dawson, Loughborough University.

First edition published 1993 (ISBN 1-874152-02-0)
Second revised and enlarged edition published 1996 (ISBN 1-874152-03-9)
Third edition published in 2001 (ISBN 1-874152-10-1)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Unix™ is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories
DEC™ is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation

Hard copies of this book should be ordered from the author:

Ray Dawson
Department of Computer Studies
Loughborough University
Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU

Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Preamble 3

Preamble

This third addition of this book has been published by popular demand. I am very
pleased by the way the book has been received by students, members of the teaching
staff, and by software professionals in industry. On the whole the "no nonsense"
approach of getting to the point without introducing hundreds of pages of basic
information on how to program has been well received. Only two serious criticisms
have been made about the first edition and these have been tackled in later editions.
Firstly, some lecturers and some students complained there were no exercises in the
book and secondly, some also complained there were not enough examples of C code.
By including a set of exercises and a set of sample solutions I believe I have satisfied
both requests together. Other improvements are relatively minor, an odd correction
here, an odd expanded explanation there, but I believe the net result will be an even
better book for students, teachers and software professionals alike. The only
difference between the second and third edition is in the binding - this new edition
should prove more robust.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Group D Publications for publishing this book. My thanks also
go to the Department of Computer Studies, and in particular, Professor Jim Alty, for
providing the money and resources to enable this book to be published. Finally I must
thank my colleague, Satish Bedi, for his helpful comments on the first edition of this
book, and for bringing to my attention the corrections required - he has made a
significant contribution towards the improved accuracy of this edition.

Dedication

I would like thank my wife, Dawn, and my sons, Matthew and Alex, for their support
while I was producing this book. I dedicate this book to them.

Ray Dawson
4 Programming in ANSI C

Contents

Part A: The C Language Pages 6-123

Section 1 : Introduction and Overview 12
Section 2 : Constants and Variables 15
Section 3 : Assignments and Expressions 22
Section 4 : Introduction to Simple Input and Output Statements 35
Section 5 : Arrays 40
Section 6 : Conditional Statements 48
Section 7 : Other Control Flow Statements 56
Section 8 : Structures and Unions 63
Section 9 : Introduction to Functions 73
Section 10 : Pointers 92
Section 11 : Storage Classes 106
Section 12 : Input and Output To Files 112
Section 13 : Other C Features 116
Appendix A : Operator Precedence Table 123

Part B: The C Pre-processor Pages 124-135

Section 1 : The 'C' Pre-processor 126

Part C: The Standard C Library Pages 136-173

Section 1 : Introduction to the Standard 'C' Library 141
Section 2 : Output From The Terminal 142
Section 3 : Input From The Terminal 145
Section 4 : Formatted Conversion In Memory 149
Section 5 : File Access Using File Pointers 151
Section 6 : File I/O Functions 153
Section 7 : File Access Using File Descriptor Numbers 160
Section 8 : String Functions 162
Section 9 : Character Functions 164
Section 10 : Mathematical Functions 166
Section 11 : Memory Allocation Functions 168
Section 12 : System Functions 170
Contents 5

Part D: C Program Accuracy and Style Pages 174-203

Section 1 : Run Time Error Check List for C Programs 176
Section 2 : Quality Check List for C Programs 189

Part E: Sample Solutions to the Exercises Pages 204-252

Section 1 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 1 207
Section 2 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 2 208
Section 3 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 3 211
Section 4 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 4 213
Section 5 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 5 215
Section 6 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 6 218
Section 7 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 7 220
Section 8 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 8 222
Section 9 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 9 224
Section 10 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 10 228
Section 11 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 11 234
Section 12 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 12 238
Section 13 : Sample Solutions to C Exercise 13 242
Section 14 : Sample Solutions to C Pre-processor Exercise 247

Index Pages 253-256
Part A : The C Programming Language 6
Programming in
ANSI
Third Edition
PART A
The C Language
Part A : The C Programming Language 7
Part A : Contents
Page
Section 1 : Introduction and Overview 12
1.1 'C' History and Background 12
1.2 Example 'C' Program 13
1.3 C Program Structure 13
1.4 C Exercise 1 14
Section 2 : Constants and Variables 15
2.1 Declaring Data Variables 15
2.2 Notes on Variable Types 15
2.3 The Format of Variable Declarations 16
2.4 Where Variables are Declared 17
2.5 Number Constants 18
2.6 Character Constants 18
2.7 Character Constants and String Constants 19
2.8 Initialisation of Variables 20
2.9 "Constant" Variables and the const Qualifier 20
2.10 C Exercise 2 21
Section 3 : Assignments and Expressions 22
3.1 Simple Assignment Statements 22
3.2 Arithmetic Operators 22
3.3 Notes on Arithmetic Operators 23
3.4 Dividing Integers 23
3.5 Shift Operators 24
3.6 The Bitwise Operators: ~ & | and ^ 25
3.7 The ~ Operator 25
3.8 The & Operator 25
3.9 The | Operator 26
3.10 The ^ Operator 26
3.11 Mixing Variable Types 26
3.12 The C Handling of char and short Variables 27
3.13 Converting int Variables to char And short 27
3.14 Mixtures of Variable Types in Expressions 28
3.15 Mixed Variable Type Assignments 29
3.16 Assigning Negative Values to Unsigned Variables 29
3.17 Warning! There Are NO Warnings! 30
3.18 Casts 30
3.19 Different Assignment Operators 31
3.20 Embedded Statements 31
3.21 Using Embedded Statements 32
3.22 Embedded ++ and -- Operators 32
3.23 C Exercise 3 33
Part A : The C Programming Language 8
Page
Section 4 : Introduction to Simple Input and Output Statements 35
4.1 Introduction to Input and Output 35
4.2 The getchar() Function 35
4.3 putchar(character) 36
4.4 printf(format,values); 37
4.5 printf Substitution Types 37
4.6 printf Substitution Modifiers 38
4.7 C Exercise 4 39
Section 5 : Arrays 40
5.1 Arrays 40
5.2 Limitations and Dangers in the Use of an Array 40
5.3 Strings 41
5.4 The gets(chararray) Function for Reading Strings 42
5.5 Initialisation of Arrays 42
5.6 Two Dimensional Arrays 43
5.7 Arrays of Arrays 43
5.8 Using Individual Rows 44
5.9 Array Syntax Warning! 44
5.10 Multi Dimensional Arrays 44
5.11 Initialising Multi Dimensional Arrays 45
5.12 C Exercise 5 46
Section 6 : Conditional Statements 48
6.1 The if Statement 48
6.2 Logical (Boolean) Variables 48
6.3 Confusion of = and == 49
6.4 The && and || operators 49
6.5 Common Errors of Multiple Conditions 50
6.6 Confusion of && and || with & and | 51
6.7 Evaluation of Multiple Conditions 51
6.8 The ! Operator 52
6.9 The else Statement 52
6.10 Grouping Statements With {} 52
6.11 Layout of {} Blocks and Code 53
6.12 if (...) if (...) Statements 54
6.13 if ... else if ... else Construction 54
6.14 The ?: Operator Pair 55
6.15 C Exercise 6 55