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AP Psych - ULTIMATE AP REVIEW
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1. psychology - the scientific study of behavior and mental 14. William James -functionalist
processes -not what the mind IS, but what
- finds its origins in philosophy it is FOR
-Why is human thought
2. 4 things you critical thinking, skepticism, objecticity,
adaptive?
need in curiousity
- put the AMERICAN stamp on
psychology
psychology
3. psychological biological, behavioral, cognitive,
perspectives evolutionary, humanistic, psychodynamic, 15. natural selection Darwinian explanation of
evolution, survival of the fittest
(7) sociocultural
leads to gradual genetic change
4. empirical learning through observation, data, and (adaptation)
method logic
16. biological approach - focus on body, brain, and the
5. John Watson -noted behaviorist nervous system
-believed that how you were raised shapes - interested in hormones and
who you are other biological things that
-anyone can become anything influence behavior
6. B.F Skinner -noted behaviorist 17. neuroscience - scientific study of the nervous
-didn't believe in free will- only reactions system, emphasis on
-you become the people you surround yourself understanding behavior,
with thought, and emotion
7. Sigmund -founding father of psychodynamic approach - interested in the the role of the
Freud -bitter and creepy brain in psychological processes
-placed high emphasis on sex and traumatic 18. Gestalt a school of thought interested in
childhood experience how people naturally organize
-therapist; started the couch thing their perceptions according to
8. Carl Rogers -humanistic certain patterns
-"The only person who is educated is the one 19. behavioral approach - founded by John B. Watson
who has learned how to learn and change." and B.F. Skinner, focus on
9. Abraham -humanistic observable behavior responses
Maslow -coined hierarchy of needs: self and their environmental causes
actualization, esteem, love, safety, and - care about behavior; NOT NOT
physiological CARE about mental processes
(cares about what you do, does
10. individualist -individuals seen as separate and unique
not care about what you feel or
culture -independence
think)
-focus on self success; leads to low
- behavior = observable
motivation and desire to do easiest tasks
- mental processess = private
possible
(DO NOT CARE ABOUT)
11. collectivist -individuals play a role in the larger group - noted behaviorists: John B.
culture -interdependence Watson and B. F. Skinner
-self critical; more likely to challenge self in
20. psychodynamic/analytic - founded by Freud, focus on
order to contribute to society
approach unconscious thought, the
12. positive - a branch of psychology that focuses on conflict between basic drives and
psychology human strengths societal norms, and childhood
- if it talks about free will / choice and/or trauma
positive growth, it will be the HUMANISTIC - issues unknown to individuals
APPROACH influence behavior
- a posteriori
13. Wilhelm - structuralist
Wundt - identified structures of the mind 21. humanistic approach emphasis on positive qualities of
- introspection people, positive growth, and free
- conducted the first psychological will. founded by Maslow and
experiment in 1879 Rogers
- he first person to introduce the idea of
22. altruism unselfish concern for others
measuring mental processes
23. cognitive studies the mental processes involved in 32. structuralism - Wundt's approach to discovering the
approach knowing (i.e. how we direct our attention, basic elements, or structures, of mental
perceive, remember, think, and solve processes; so called because of its focus
problems). sees the mind as an active and on identifying
aware problem solving system - structuralism came before
functionalism, which added "purpose"
24. evolutionary - an approach to psychology centered on
- introspection: documenting descriptions
approach evolutionary ideas such as adaptation,
of an experience
reproduction, and natural selection as the
basis for explaining specific human 33. functionalism - Jame's appoach to mental processes,
behaviors emphasizing the functions and purposes
- explains attractiveness of tall and healthy of the mind and behavior in the
significant others, etc. individual's adaption to the environment
- it expanded upon structuralism
25. sociocultural - an approach to psychology that examines
approach how social and cultural environments 34. natural selection Darwin's principle of an evolutionary
influence behavior process in which organisms that are best
- application: look for words that reference a adapted to their environment will survive
specific location, group of people, etc. and and produce offspring
how that influences behavior
35. psychopathology the scietific study of psychological
26. careers in -human resources, business consulting, disorders and the development of
psychology casework, therapists/counselors, diagnostic categories and treatments for
researchers, teachers those disorder
-academic(34%)
36. Edward ...
-clinical(24%)
Bradford
-private practice(22%)
Titchener
-industrial(12%)
-schools(4%) 37. Mary Calkins ...
-other(4%)
38. empiricism ...
27. What is the - a psychiatrist spends 4 years at medical 39. Charles Darwin - argued that natural selection determines
difference school and they have the ability to prescribe
the physical traits of survival
between a medication (they are an M.D.)
psychologist - psychologists do not go to medical school 40. introspection - part of structuralism
and a - documenting descriptions of an
psychiatrist? experience (mental processes)
28. science the use of systematic methods to observe the 41. sensation and - specialty in psychology
natural world, including human behavior perception - sensation (sensing)
and mental processes - perception (processing)
- interested in optical illusions to
29. behavior - everything we do that can be directly determine how they "trick" the brain
observed (actually seen)
- thinking about doing a behavior is not a 42. John B. Watson - behaviorist
behavior
43. B. F. Skinner - behaviorist
30. mental - the thoughts, feelings, and motives that 44. variable anything that can change in research
processes each of us experiences privately but that
cannot be observed directly 45. theory - a broad idea or set of closely related
- behaviorists, such as Watson and Skinner, ideas that attempts to explain
DO NOT care about metal processes observations and to make predictions
about future observations
31. critical - the process of reflcecting deeply and
- ambiguity: do NOT confuse with
thinking actively, asking questions, and evaluating
hypothesis, which is a smaller and
the evidence
testable component of a theory (proving a
hypothesis helps prove a theory)
46. hypothesis - an educated guess that derives logically from 58. dependent - the outcome; the factor that can change in
a theory; a prediction that can be tested variable an experiment in response to changes in the
- ambiguity: do NOT confuse with theory, independent variable
which is too broad to test - essentially what you are measuring (b/c it
DEPENDS on other variables)
47. operational - a definition that provides an objective
definition description of how a variable is going to mbe 59. experimental the participants in an experiment who
measured and observed in a particular study group receive the drug or other treatment under the
- a specific description of what will be studied study--that is, those who are exposed to the
change the independent variable represents
48. meta- - a method that allows researchers to combine
analysis the results of several different studies on a 60. control group the particpants in an experiment who are as
simlar topic in order to establish the strength much like the experimental group as
of an effect possible and who are treated in every way
like the experimetnal group except for a
49. descriptive research that determines the basic dimension
manipulated factor, the independent
research of a phenomenon, defining what it is, how
variable
often it occurs, and so on
50. case study or an in-depth look at a single individual 61. external - the degree to which an experimental
validity design actually relfects the real-world issues
case history
it is supposed to address
51. correlational - research that examines the relationships - application: the experiment is only valid in
research between variables, whose purpose is to a lab setting
examine whether and how two variables
change together (NOT causal) 62. internal - the degree to which changes in the
validity dependent variable are due to the
- application: can show links, relationships
manipulation of the independent variable
between, etc.
- application: there is something wrong
- application: can state ice cream sales linked
with the design of the scientific experiment
to increased violence
(something should have been considered
52. third the circumstance where a variable that has not that wasn't, etc.)
variable been measured accounts for the relationshp
problem or between two other variables. Third variables 63. experimenter occurs when the experimenter's
bias expectations influence the outcome of the
confounds are also known as confounds.
research
53. longitudinal a special kind of systematic observation, used
design by correlational researchers, that involves 64. demand any aspects of a study that communicate to
characteristics the participants how the experimenter
obtaining measures of the variables of interest
wants them to behave
in multiple waves over time
54. experiment a carefully regulated procedure in which the 65. research occurs when the behavior of research
participant participants during the experiment is
researcher manipulates one or more variables
bias influenced by how they think they are
that are believed to influence some other
suppsed to behave or their expectations
variable
about what is happening to them
55. random - researchers' assignment of participants to
assignment groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that 66. placebo effect occurs when particpants' expectation,
rather than the experimental treatment,
an experiment's results will be due to
produce an outcome
preexisting differences between groups
- ensures groups had equal and balanced 67. placebo in a drug study, a harmless substance that
composition (not biased) has no physiological effect, given to
- exteremly important aspect of experimental particpatns in a control group so that they
design are treated indentically to the experimental
group except for the active agent
56. independent a manipulated experimental factor; the
variable variable that the experimenter changes to see 68. double-blind an experimental design in which neither
what its effects are experiment the experimenter nor the participants are
aware of which participants are in the
57. confederate a person who is given a role to play in a study
experimental group and which are in the
so that the social context can be manipulated
control group until the results are calculated
69. population the entire group about which the
investigator wants to draw conclusions
70. sample the subset of the population chosen by the 83. applied research thtat is applied, accessing and
investigator for study research using some part of the research
community's accumulated theories,
71. random a sample that gives every member of the
knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a
sample population an equal chance of being selected
client driven purpose
72. naturalistic - the observation of behavior in a real-world
observation setting 84. basic research research carried out to increase
understanding of fundamental principles;
- examples: observing students in classes,
the results, many times, have no direct or
observing teachers in classes, observing kids at
immediate commercial benefits
the mall, etc.
73. descriptive mathematical procedures that are used to 85. validity the extent to which a test measure what it is
intended to measure
statistics describe and summarize sets of data in a
meaningful way which includes measures of 86. reliability the extent to which a test yields a
central tendency and measures of dispersion consistent, reproductive measure of
- includes: mean, median, mode and standard performance
deviation
87. sampling the act or process of selecting a sample for
74. mean a measure of central tendency that is the testing, analyzing, etc.
average for a sample
88. representative a subset of the population that accurately
75. median a measure of central tendency that is the middle sample reflects the members of the entire
score in a sample population
76. mode a measure of central tendency that is the most 89. stratified the population is divided into subpopultions
common score in a sample sampling (strata) and random samples are taken
from each stratum
77. range a measure of dispersion that is the difference
between the highest and lowest scores 90. laboratory a test or trial conducted in the lab
experiment
78. standard - a measure of dispersion that tells us how
deviation much scores in a sample differ from the mean of 91. field a test or trial conducted in the real world
the sample experiment
- more sophisticated version of descriptive
92. group- ensures that experimental/control groups
statistics
matching are equivalent (sex, race, age, etc.) to avoid
- takes squared deviation from the mean
flawed results due to confounds
- application: frequently results in a normal bell
curve 93. social tendency of respondents to reply in a
desirability manner that will be viewed favorably by
79. inferential mathematical methods that are used to indicate others
statistics whether results for a sample are likely to
generalize to a population 94. Hawthorne the tendency of individuals to perform better
effect simply because of being singled out and
80. correlation - the strength of the relationship between two made to feel important
coefficient variables
- strongest relationship = greatest distance form 95. response rate ratio of number of people who answered the
zero (either postivie or negative survey divided by the number of people in
- weaskest relationshiip = closest to 0 the sample
- no relationship (do not occur at the same 96. outlier an extreme piece of data that skews the
time) = 0 results
- negative = inverserse relationship (as one
97. z score a standard score indicates who many
variable increases, the other decreases)
standard deviations an observation or
- positive = direct relationship (as one variable
datum is above or below the mean
increases, the other also increases)
- 1.00 correlation coefficient = predict with 98. p value the probabilitry of obtaining a test statistic
perfect accuracy at least as extreme as the one that was
actually observed
81. survey a research method involving the use of
research questionaires and/or statistical surveys to 99. normal curve a model of distribution
gather data about people and their thoughts and
100. scatter plot a graph in which the values of two variables
behaviors
are plotted along two axes, the pattern of
82. hindsight the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that the resulting points revealing any
bias we accurately predicted an outcome correlation present.
101. line of best fit / a straight line drawn through the center of 114. nervous the body's electrochemical communication
regression a group of data points plotted on a scatter system circuitry
line plot, shows how variables are correlated
115. plasticity - the brain's special capacity for change
102. sampling The error that arises as a result of taking a - the baility for nerve cells in the brain to
error sample from a population rather than using change their purpose
the whole population.
116. afferent - nerves that carry information about the
103. statistical - a result that is not likely to occur nerves / external environment to the brain and spinal
significance randomly, but rather is likely to be sensory cord via sensory receptors
attributable to a specific cause nerves - do NOT confuse with efferent nerves
- .05 correlation is the minimum level of
117. efferent - nerves that carry information out of the brain
probability that scientists will accept for
nerves / and spinal cord to other areas of the body
concluding that observed difference are real
motor - think "e" for exit (out) of the brain and spinal
and not due to chance
nerves cord
104. Institutional a group of peers in a clinical setting that - do NOT confuse with afferent nerves
Review Board examines a research proposal to insure
118. central the system made up of the brain and spinal
(IRB) patient safety and addresses the ethics of
nervous cord
the proposed study
system
105. coercion The intimidation or convincing of a victim (CNS)
to compel the individual to do some act
119. peripheral - the network of nerves that connects the brain
against his or her will by the use of
nervous and spinal cord to other parts of the body
psychological pressure, physical force, or
system - composed of all the sensory and motor
threats.
(PNS) nerves
106. informed permission granted in the knowledge of the - it is a part of the human nervous system
consent possible consequences, typically that which - two main components:
is given by a patient to a doctor for 1. the somatic nervous system (voluntary)
treatment with full knowledge of the 2. the autonomic nervous system (involuntary-
possible risks and benefits. -consisting of the sympathetic motor system
and the parasympathetic nervous system)
107. anonymity concealing the identities of participants in
all documents resulting from the research 120. somatic - the body system consisting of the sensory
nervous nerves, whose function is to convey
108. confidentiality concerned with who has the right of access
system information from the skin and muscles to the
to the data provided by the participants
CNS about conditions such as pain and
109. debriefing used to refer to the process whereby temperature, and the motor nerves, whose
"justified" deception has been used by the function is to tell the muscles what to do
researchers, and, following ethical - sensory nerves + motor nerves
research practices, respondents are then - voluntary nervous system (input from sense
spoken to after the study ends to explain the organs; output to skeletal muscles)... if you
deception to them and try to undo any harm "instruct," "tell," "decide" for your muscles to
that may have been caused by the do something, it is because of the somatic
deception. nervous system
110. variance a measure of how far a set of numbers is - carries information to your muscles
spread out 121. autonomic the body system that takes messages to and
111. positive skew outliers cause distribution of data nervous from the body's internal organs, monitoring
system such processes as breathing, heart rate and
112. negative skew ... digestion
113. scientific 1. observing some phenomenon 122. sympathetic - the part of the autonomic nervous system
method 2. formulating hypothesis and prediction nervous that arouses the body
3. testing through empirical research system - "fight of flight" resonses (survival responses)
4. drawing conclusions - neurotransmitter: noradrenaline
5. evaluating the theory
IMPORTANT: you must be open-minded
(OK with results that disprove your
hypothesis) and remove emotions and
personal bias from experiment design and
implementation
123. parasympathetic - the part of the autonomic nervous 131. action potential the brief wave of positive and electrical
nervous system system that calms the body charge that sweeps down the axon
- relaxing responses
132. all-or-nothing - the principle that once the electrical
- neurotransmitter: acetocholine
principle impulse reaches a certain level of
- think (para) b/c paramedics need to
intensity (its threshold), it fires and
calm down patients
moves all the way down the axon
124. neurons - one of two types of cells in the nervous without losing any intensity
system; neurons are the nerve cells that - if the were depolarized at a different
handle to information-processing speed or amount, the intensity of the
function action potential would not be affected
- neurons = basic unit of the nervous because they either ALL fire or it does
system not
- nervous system contains appox. 11
133. synapses / - tiny spaces between neurons
billion neurons
synaptic gap - neurtransmitter (chemical)
- parts of neuron: dentdrites, cell body
substances travel across them between
(soma), axon, myelin sheath, axon
neurons
terminals, terninal buttons, nucleus
- 3 types of neurons: sensory neurons, 134. neurotransmitters chemical substances that are stored in
motor neurons, interneurons very tiny sacs within the terminal
- resting state: a negative charge on the buttons and involved in transmitting
inside of the cell membrane and a information across a synaptic gap to
positive charge on the outside the next neuron
125. glial cells / glia - the second of two types of cells in the 135. Acetylcholine -stimulates neurons to fire, muscular
nervous system; these types of cells action, learning, and memory
provide support, nutritional benefits, and - a neurotransmitter that is a derivative
other functions and keep neurons of choline
running smoothly - low levels linked to Alzheimer's
- assists in transporting nutrients from disease
blood vessels to neurons 136. GABA (gamma - Neurotransmitter in as many as one
126. cell body (soma) the part of the neuron that contains the aminobutyric third of the brain's synapses
nucleus, which directs the manufacture acid)
of substances that the neuron needs for 137. Glutamate - excites neurons to fire
growth and maintenance - involved in learning and memory
127. dendrites - treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, - too much can cause migraine
which receive information and orient it headache
toward the neuron's cell body 138. Norepinephrine -slows neuron firing in the central
- branched appendages that carry nervous system
informaiton to the cell body - a catecholamine precursor of
- primary function: receive information epinephrine that is secreted by the
128. axon the part of the neuron that carries adrenal medulla and also released at
information away from the cell body synapses
toward other cells - also known as noradrenaline
- think (a) for away 139. Dopamine -controls voluntary movement, sleep,
129. myelin sheath - a layer of fat cells that encases and mood, attention, learning, and
insulates most axons reaction
- helps make the charge pass faster and - a monoamine neurotransmitter found
smoother down the axon in the brain and essential for the
normal functioning of the central
130. resting potential - in an inactive neuron, the voltage nervous system
/ resting state between the inside and outside of the
- low levels linked to Parkinson's
axon wall
disease
- a negative charge on the inside of the
cell membrane and a postive charge on
the outside
140. Serotonin -regulates sleep, mood, attention, and 150. amygdala - an almond-shaped structure within the
learning base of the temporal lobe that is involved in
- a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep the discrimination of objects that are
and depression and memory necessary for the organism's survival, such
- linked to depression depression as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals
- it is one of the two principal structures of
141. Endorphines - a neurochemical occurring naturally in the
the limbic system (along with the
brain and having analgesic properties
hippocampus)
- neurotransmitter that inhibits firing of CNS
-damage to this can cause incredibly
- but excites the heart muscle, intestinal, and
incorrect decision-making, includng
urogenital tract
inappropriate behavior with inanimate
142. Oxytocin - Acts as both neurotransmitter and hormone objects
- plays important role in love and social
bonding 151. hippocampus - the structure of the limbic system that has
a special role in the storage of memories
- hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary
- it is one of the two principal structures of
gland (trade name Pitocin)
the limbic system (along with the
143. neural networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory amygdala)
networks input and motor output -damage to this results in issues with
144. hindbrain located at the skull's rear, the lowest portion memory formation
of the brain, consisting of the medulla, 152. thalamus - the forebrain structure that sits at the top
cerebellum and pons of the brain stem in the brain's central core
145. brain stem the stemlike brain area that includes much of and serves as the important relay station
the hindbrain (it does not include the - it passes information that enters the brain
cerebellum) and the midbrain; it connects on to the appropriate places
with the spinal cord at its lower end and then 153. basal ganglia - large neuron clusters located above the
extends upward to encase the reticular thalamus and under the cerebral cortex that
formation of the midbrain work with the cerebellum and the cerebral
146. midbrain located between the hindbrain and the cortex to control and coordinate voluntary
forebrain, an area in which many nerve-fiber movements
systems ascend and descend to connect the - important for learning a repteitive
higher and lower portions of the brain; in movement
particular, this part of the brain relays 154. hypothalamus - a small forebrain structure, located just
information between the brain and the eyes below the thalamus, that monitors three
and ears pleasurable activities--eating, drinking and
147. reticular - a system in the midbrain comprising a sex--as well as emotion, stress, and reward
formation diffuse collection of neurons involved in - one of the major pleasure centers of the
stereotyped patterns of behavior such as brain
walking, sleeping, and turning to attend to a - think "hypo"--meaning underneath or
sudden noise below, and the (hypo)thalamus is below the
- the structure that plays an important role in thalamus
these stereotyped patterns of behavior by 155. cerebral - part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the
manipulation of various neurotransmitters cortex brain, responsible for the most complex
148. forebrain the brain's largest division and its most mental functions, such as thinking and
forward part planning
- plays a key role in memory, attention,
149. limbic a loosely connected network of structures
perceptual awareness, thought, language,
system under the cerebral cortex, important in both
and consciousness
memory and emotion. Its two principal
structures are the amygdala and the 156. neocortex - the outermost part of the cerebral cortex,
hippocampus making up 80 percent of the cortex in the
human brain
157. occipital lobes - structures located at the back of the head
that respond to visual stimuli
158. temporal lobes structures in the cerebral cortex that are 171. testes sex-related endocrine glands in the
located just above the ears and are involved scrotum that produce hormones related
in hearing, language processing and to men's sexual development and
memory reproduction
159. frontal lobes the portion of the cerebral cortex behind 172. stem cells unique primitive cells that have the
the forehead, involved in personality, capacity to develop into most types of
intelligence and the control of voluntary human cells
muscles
173. chromosomes in the human cell, threadlike structures
160. parietal lobes structures at the top and toward the rear of that come in 23 pairs, one member of
the head that are involved in registering each pair originating from each parent,
spatial location, attention, and motor and that contain the remarkable
control substance DNA
161. somatosensory a region in the cerebral cortex that 174. deoxyribonucleic a complex molecule in the cell's
cortex processes information about body acid (DNA) chromosomes that carries genetic
sensation, located at the front of the information
parietal lobes
175. genes the units of hereditary information,
162. motor cortex a region in the cerebral cortex that consisting of short segments of
processes information about voluntary chromosomes composed of DNA
movement, located just behind the frontal
176. dominant- the principle that, if one gene of a pair is
lobes
recessive genes dominant and one is recessive, the
163. association the region of the cerebral cortex that is the principle dominant gene overrides the recessive
cortex / site of the highest intellectual functions, gene. A recessive gene exerts its
association such as thinking and problem solving influence only if both genes of a pair are
areas recessive
164. corpus - the large bundle of axons that connects 177. genotype an individual's genetic heritage; his or
callosum the brain's two hemispheres, responsible her actual genetic material
for relaying information between the two
178. phenotype - an individual's observable
sides
characteristics
- cutting the corpus callosum results in a
- can be deliberately changed (cororing
split brain
hair, plastic surgery, etc.)
165. endocrine the body system consisting of a set of 179. stress - the responses of individuals to
system glands that regulate activities of certain
environmental stressors
organs by releasing their chemical
- can result in high levles of adrenaline
products into the bloodstream
and noradrenaline in the body
166. glands organs or tissues in the body that create - cna cause persistent arousal of her
chemicals that control many of our bodily autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
functions - can weak the immune system
167. hormones chemical messengers that are produced by 180. stressors circumstances and events that threaten
the endocrine glands and carried by the individuals and tax their coping abilities
bloodstream to all parts of the body and that cause physiological changes to
ready the body to handle the assault of
168. pituitary gland - a pea-sized gland just beneath the
stress
hypothalamus that controls growth and
regulates other glands 181. sensory neurons - located in the body's sense organs
- sometimes called the master gland (examples: eye, ear, nose)
- send messages from these organs to
169. adrenal glands glands at the top of each kidney that are
brain
responsible for regulating moods, energy
- 1 of 3 types of neurons
level and the ability to cope with stress
170. pancreas a dual-purpose gland under the stomach 182. motor neurons - neurons that convey information from
the nervous system to the body's organs,
that performs both digestive and endocrine
glands, and msucles
functions
183. interneurons - transmit information from one neuron
(association to another within the nervous system
neurons)
184. complexity - carrying out multiple functions 195. medulla -governs breathing and reflexes
at once -part of the hindbrain (which also includes
- application: multitasking = the pons and cerebellum)
metaphor for it -lower half of the brain stem
-contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting
185. integraion Integrated across multiple levels
and vasomotor centers and deals with
to connect everything in the body
autonomic, (involuntary) functions, such as
186. adaptability The brain and nervous system are breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
our agent for adapting to the
world 196. cerebellum -involved in motor coordination
-damage creates issues with blanace and
187. mirror neurons - involved in imitation and are muscle coordination
activated when we both perform
an action and watch someone 197. fusiform -dime sized spot behind the right ear
face area -involves face recognition
else perform the same activity
- research experiments where people learned
- if you have a teacher / trainer /
to identify "greebles" demonstrated it is
coach who models a behavior or
involved with more than face recognition
activity while you do it too, it
would be an examples of these in 198. epinephrine - hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
action / adrenaline and a central nervous system
neurotransmitter released by some neurons
188. Broca's area - area in the brain used in speech
-used when a person has an allergic reaction
production
- hormone and a neurotransmitter
- located in left hemisphere
-regulates heart rate, blood vessel and air
189. synaptic transmission refers to the process by which passage diameters, and metabolic shifts
neurotransmitters are fire across - a crucial component of the fight-or-flight
the synaptic gaps to the next response of the sympathetic nervous system
neuron and so forth
199. selective - genetic method where organisms are chosen
190. Electroencephalograph - electroencephalograph records breeding for reproduction based on how much of a
(EEG) the brain's activity particular trait they display
- electrodes are placed on peoples - used to demonstrate how genes influence
heads in order to study brain behavior
activity
200. neural the electrical discharge that travels along a
191. PET positron-emission tomography impulse nerve fiber
measures the amount of glucose
in various areas of the brain 201. depolarizing - occurs during the action potential
- first involves the flow of sodium ions into
192. fMRI - functional magnetic resonance the membrane
imaging
- allows scientists to literally see 202. endorphins - produced by body from exersize
- "runners' high"
what is happening while the
brain is working. 203. magnetic - detecting and interpreting magnetic activity
resonance from hydrogen levels in the blood
193. magnetic resonance -involves creating a magnetic
imaging
imaging (MRI) field around a person's body and
using radio waves to construct 204. motor - area of the cerebral cortex which control
images of the person's tissues cortex voluntary muscle movement
and biochemical activities
205. sensation - the process of receiving stimulus energies
194. Wernicke's area -involved in understanding from the external environment and
speech transforming those energies into neural
energy
- application: describing a bunch of things
that you "sense"--as in feel, taste, see, etc.
from the environment
- ambiguity: do NOT confuse with perception
(organizing and interpreting)
206. perception the process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information so that it has meaning
207. bottom-up - the operation in sensation and perception in 219. sensory a change in the responsiveness of the sensory
processing which sensory receptors register information adaption system based on the average level of
about the external environment and send it up surrounding stimulation (p. 107)
to the brain for interpretation
220. retina - the multilayered light-sensitive surface in
- application: any time you are learning
the eye that contains receptor cells that record
something NEW, doing something for the
electromagnetic energy and converts it to
FIRST time
neural impulses processing in the brain (p.
208. top-down - the operation in sensation and perception, 111)
processing launched by cognitive processing at the brain's - contains receptor cells
higher levels, that allows the organism to sense - most complex part of they eye
what is happening to apply that framework to - rods - nigh vision, black and white vision,
information from the world peripheral vision
- application: about things which you are - cones - color vision, crisp and focused
familiar, routine, etc., you apply top-down vision (fovea), day time vision
processing (expectations) to your perception
221. rods - the receptor cells in the retina that are
209. sensory specialized cells that detect stimulus sensitive to light but not very useful for color
receptors informaiton and transmit it to sensory (afferent) vision (p. 111)
nerves and the brain - peripheral vision (peripheral vision in low-
light conditions can be superior)
210. absolute - the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a
- used in low-light conditions
threshold person can detect 50% of the time
- application: if you are NOT SURE if you 222. cones - the receptor cells in the retina that allow for
sensed something color perception (p. 111)
- think (c) for (c)olor perception
211. noise irrelevant and competing stimuli--not only
sounds but also any distracting stimuli ffor our 223. optic nerve - the structure at the back of the eye, made up
senses of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries
visual infrmatoin to the brain for further
212. difference the degree of difference that must exist betyween
processing (p. 113)
threshold two stimuli before the difference is detected
- area where optic nerve leaves eye = blind
213. Weber's - the principle that two stimuli must differ by a spot
law constant minimum percentage (rather than a
constant amount) to be perceived as different 224. feature neurons in the brain's visual system that
detectors respond t oparticular features of a stimulus (p.
- application: changing prices - change in
113)
prices seems more dramatic if higher percentage
change--not dollar amount 225. parallel - the simultaneous distribution of information
processing across different neural pathways
214. subliminal the detection of information belwo the level of
- purpose: allow sensory information to travel
perception conscious awareness
rapidly though the brain
215. signal - a theory of perception that focuses on decision
detection making about stimuli in the presence of 226. binding - in the sense of vision, the brining together
and integration of what is processed by
theory uncertainty (p. 104)
different nerual pathaways or cells
- detection of stimuli vary based on physcial
- application: brining together a bunch of
intensity of stimulus, fatigue of the boservers,
visual elements into one
expectancy
- information acquisition (all the information 227. trichromatic theory stating that color perception is
that you have to make a decision) and criterion theory produced by three types of cone receptors in
(how you will be using that information to make the retina that are particualry sensitive to
an assessment) different but overlapping ranges of
- STUDY this wavelengths
216. attention the process of focusing awareness on a 228. opponent- theory stating that cells in the visual system
narrowed aspect of the environment (p. 105) process respond to complementary pairs of red-green
theory and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be
217. selective thre process of focusing on a specific aspect of
excited by red and inhibited by green,
attention experience while ignoring others (p. 105)
whereas another cell might be excited by
218. perceptual a predisposition or readiness to perceive yellow and inhibited by blue
set something in a particular way (p. 107) - explains and explained by afterimages