Table Of ContentNASA Magazine
‘
SuMmer 1993
ee ee te a
from the administrator
The most fruitful
intersection of
NASA’s mandates
for change likely
will be in the area
of small scientific
satellites, and I am tremendously
excited by the possibilities.
n this issue of NASA to NASA to pursue more scientific enigmas that Second, small satel- sider multi-vear funding.
Magazine, we cele- industrially relevant could be solved by such lites are an ideal match That is a wondertul trade.
,b rate exci*t.*i ng sci° en- advanced technology an incredible fleet! with the needs of the A Russian expert on
|
tific observations made presents us with an ideal In a separate effort, university Community the histor of science in
by the Galileo spacecraft way to re-establish the an enthusiastic and inno- which needs manageably his culture once wrote
bound for Jupiter and the Agency's “can-do” repu- vative group out at the price “hardware projects “Every scientist is an
TOPEN/POSEIDON tation: the development Jet Propulsion Labora that start and finish agent of cultural change
satellite mapping Earth's of a diverse fleet of small tory is pursuing a cheap within the academic He jor she} may not be a
oceans. By the end of Earth-orbiting and plan- and fast mission to Pluto, lifetime of a graduate champion of change. he
their stellar missions. etary science spacecratt. a project with natural student. We are going to may even resist it. But to
each of these spacecraft Very few things that scientific and public prove this new technol- the extent that he is a
will have earned a right- NASA has proposed in appeal. ogy before we proceed true professional, the
ful place in the “Hall of the past decade have Our Office of Mission with a mission by making scientist is inescapably an
Fame” for robotic space stirred as much interest to Planet Earth, already reasonable investments in agent of change. His tools
explorers. within the space science well-known for its Earth technology test beds. And are the instruments of
However. after their community as the Dis- Probe series, is consider- when we start a fight change: skepticism, the
compatriot Cassini leaves covery small spacecraft ing a smaller follow-on to project, we are going to challenge to established
Earth in 1997 on its way program that we will TOPEN POSEIDON, sign up toa budget and authority. criticism,
to survey Saturn and its pursue in earnest this and a second tropical live with it rationality and individual-
intriguing moon Titan, it vear. rainfall-measuring satel- | explained NASAS ity.
may be a long while The top 11 proposals lite to succeed the commitment to this The most fruitful
before such a combina- that recently won TRMM Earth Probe philosophy duringa intersection of NASA’s
tion of scientific merit $100,000 each in study we are building jointh hearing before the House mandates for change
and adequate funding money include two mis- with Japan. \ppropriations subcom- likely will be in the area
intersects again. sions to Mercury, two to Small satellites are mittee with NASA over- of small scientific satel-
The combination of Venus, one to Mars, four attractive for many rea sight. The panel's chair- lites, and Tam tremen-
federal budget con- missions to small bodies, sons, but two stand out man. Rep. Louis Stokes, dously excited by the
straints, a need to im- an Earth-orbiting tele- First, they force us to said that if NASA could possibilities.
prove our links with scope to study Jupiter design components that sign up to do that with
universities, and Presi- and a solar wind sample are Cheaper, lighter and small programs, the
dent Clinton's challenge return. Think of the usc less electrical power committee would con-
G-d
CONTENTS
summer 1993
~ ate
on
The great asteroid lant
resumes this summer with
Galileo's fyb of Ida.
WASA MAGAZINE
Acting Associate
Acting Manage’ of
internal Commumcations
Beth Schmid
Space Shuttle frogs Editor
help children learn about Beth Schr
everthing from .
cmbrvolog to chginecrnng sist
\ ky |
Editorial and
ARCHAEOLOGY Production A
Sonya Alexand
FROM ABOVE
NASA's one and ooh THE FLYING LAUNCH —
lie J | . b Hi FLY PAD Steye Chamber
eS Gas aera The oldest B-52 in the sky |
iTmiangeena to helipp him on i—s *2 08 deli—v_e-r ing the qnads Art —Di rector
Spectrum the job. for NASA. Robert Schulma
Statt Photographer
Bill Ingal!
NASA MAGAZINE
published quarierly ty the
National Aeronautics and
pace Ad ation tor the
+i h ‘ it
juarters and ai
a +?
NiWaA Yy
MAGAZINE
21 Communica
Down to Earth
| NASA Headgua
| Wa }t DE 2054
p \
36 OCEAN VIEW NASA MAGAZINE ist or sal
As | See It TOPEN/POSEIDON mia by the Superintendent ot
, Documents US
usher mahnew era ol long— G0oVv ernment Printingy u Office
term climate prediction Washington DC 20402
Cover. The Galileo spacecratt
snapped the first pictures of a NASA MAGAZINE ts printed
real asteroid- -951 Gaspra Countdown ecycled/recyciable paper
SESS ESSE ETH SESE HEHE SEETHER EHH HEHEHE EH Ee
NASA SPECTRUM
the microgravity in April US A Foree. Engi-
cnviromment onboard Worn inside an neers at Jolson then
the Shuttle. astronauts space suit Hnproved the technol
\ir Force Col the liquid-cooled ou. vsine if to transat
Sidnes M. Gutierrez will garment used a batter medical data from
command the STS-59 powercd pumypy to astronauts back to Earth
Space Radar Laboraton circulate chilled water The svstem, still used for
7 mission onboard through a series of astronaut momtoring
John H. Casper and Sidney M. Gutierrez \thantis. with Air Force tubes. Although it was today. has been w iclely
Col. Kevin P. Chilton as developed at the Ames used around the world
Two New Crews pilot. Mission specialists Research Center and Thanks to telemetry. a
Astronaut crews for two Jay Apt. Ph.D. and Johnson Space Center nurse at a central station
Space Shuttle missions Aron Lt. Col. Michael for the Apollo progr, can sinvaltane “oust
scheduled for launch R. Rich” Clifford will the technology was later monitor the conditions
carly next vear were join Linda M. Godwin. adapted by the Langley of several patients at
selected in March. Air PhD... and Thomas D. Research Center to different locations. This
Force Col. Jolin HH. Jones, Ph.D... who were meet real-life needs enables heart patients
Casper will Command assigned to the flight The cool suit is now for example. to return
the STS-62 mission with previously, used by patients home and still receive
the second U.S. STS-59's Space suffering frome cvsty constant medical
Microgravity: Payload Radar Laboraton will fibrosis, multiple Heowntorng
onboard Columbia. take radar images of the sclerosis (MS) and
Other crew members Earth's surface for related neure Nowic Stargazing
at Mach 3
are Marine ¢ SOFps May. studies in geok me disorders and al
Andrew M. Allen as pilot geography. lwdrology. condition known as One of NASAS high
and Navy Cdr. Pierre J. oceanography agronon ly pohicdrotic ectodermal thing SR-TLA “Black
Thnot, Army Lat. Col. and botany. The mission dysplasia, in which the birds” (NASA Magazine
~
Charles D. “Sam” also will measure carbon loch lacks sweat ghands Winter 1992) has a new
Gemar and Marsha S. dioxide in the atmo Since L991, approxi mission: conducting
Ivins as mission sphere and gather data mately 300 suits have high-altitude astronony
specialists. for designing future been sold to MES pratients studies at three times
Experiments on radar systems, including alone. Armin soldiers the speed of sound. The
STS-62. a 13-clay that of NASA’s Earth wore the licquaidl cooled former spy plane, which
extended duration Observing System. garments during the is based at the Divden
orbiter mission, inclide Persian Gull war, and helt Research Facility,
growing crystals of Fame thes also have ben nace its Hirst scence
semiconductor materi- A “cool suit” originalls wort by race car drivers Hight on March 9 with
als: investigating the developed to keep hazarch mis taternals an ultraviolet video
properties of enon astronauts from handlers. nuclear reactor camera for studying stars
during phase transitions: overheatingo n the workers. and paper mill and comets riding in its
studving the fundamen- Moon and a NASA nose hav,
and shipyard personnel,
tal behavior of niaterials pationt monitoring The praticnt Future fights will
as they solidify, and device were inducted monitoring device carn a variety of
monitoring Cquipment into the U.S. Space originally was developed jastrumcnts, including al
that will measure and Foundation’s Technol during the Mercury and fiber optics device and
record disturbances in ogy Hall of Fame CGeomini programs by the an ultraviolet spectrom:
-
NASA Magazine Summer 1993
program. which will Early Bird Catches
Earlier Data
pron ide a technical
foundation for U.S The Jet Propulsion
aerospace Companies to Laboratorn reported in
make business decisions March that due to
about future supersonic surplus fuel reserves on
transports. the Mars Obsener
Langley researchers spacecraft, the space-
are working on wavs to craft will begin Wapping
reduce the overall operations sooner than
structural weight and expected Scrence
improve aerodvnamic operations are now
performance for such a planned to begin on
vehicle. Engineers at the November 22. three
Lewis Research Center weeks ahead of sched-
are working on technol- ule. Mars Observer is set
SR-71 streaks into the twilight on its first science mission last March. ogy that will reduce to arrive at the planet on
engine noise and August 24
eter. SR-71 project ments are now in the dramatically lower The mission
scientist fackln Green planning stage. including nitrogen ovide emissions cy ratvons team wants to
of the Jet Propulsion infrared studies of the that might affect Earths censure that data
Laboratory, where the warora borealis and Osi laver collection is well
experiments were studies of pollutants in Vines and Divden nndenwvay before |
developed, said this is a the stratosphere. also are owolved in the natural events occur a
“case of turning swords NASA's three Blackbirds project, with Ames fing December 1993 solar
into plowshares 7 also may serve as high-altitude missions to conjunction that will
“We are taking what platiorms for aeronautics analyze the impact of hiock spacecralt
was once a spv plane and studies in NASA's High- engine exhaust on the communications, and
transforming it into a Speed Research atmosphere, and Drvden the beginning of the
useful, cost-effective Program testing a drag- reduction Martian dust storm
science platform.” savs concept called “lanvinas season next Februar
High Speed
Green. “This opens up a flow control” which By spending the
Research
new ultraviolet window could significantly evtra tied tora so-called
for research.” During its NASA is teaming up WNpProve the eflicienay of pene iti approach,
first mission. the SR-71 with U.S. industry to a SHIPETSOTIC transport s the spacecralt’s descent
climbed to an altitude of develop technology for wings to its mapping orbit 378
more than 25 kilometers. an affordable and Phase Lot the hilometers above the
above most of the environmentally friendh program. which focnses Martian surface will take
atmosphere that blocks high-speed passenger on environmental only 75 davs instead of
ground-based ultraviolet aircraft that could Challenges. roms cntil 96 davs. Then, after two
observations. revolutionize air travel in 1996. Phase TE which weeks of checkout. the
The flight could the next century. The began this vear, focuses spacecraft will begin
mark the begining of a Langley Research on technology that observing Mars.
Whole new science Center will lead the would make a high- completing one full
career for the SR-71 multi-vear High Speed speed transport mapping cvcle-—which
Several other experi- Civil Transport research economically viable takes 26 davs—before
Summer 1993 NASA Magazine
Project Manager for the $20,000 an acte. so it is
Grapevine Remote critical to understand
Sensing Analysis of the spread ol new
Phylloxvera Early Stress infestation sites
(GRAPES) project. savs Funding for the
that remote sensors can GRAPES project is
detect plant stress provided by NASA's
before it is visible to the Office of Adv aticed
naked eve Concepts and» Amol-
“This will help Og) asa demonstration
Vinevard managers of new remote sensing
develop replanting applic ations for industn
plans,” savs Salute
“Replanting with Wet World?
resistant roots is the onh Data returned by the
way to rid the vinevards Pioneer Venus Orbiter
of the pest.” before it burned up in
Field work using the Venusian atmo-
ground-based scanners sphere last October
to make initial measur stigvest that the planet
ments of leaves began m Which is now a hot
April as the leaves were desert. once had thre
Mars Observer developing. Lmages trom and a hall times more
infested and non- water than previoush
the solar conjunction will be aided in their infested grapevines thought. Accordingt o
starts on December 20. fight against root louse continue to be analy red Thomas Donahue of the
The conjunction will last damage by sensitive to determine the earliest University of Michigan,
through January 3. electronic scanners on detectable spectral who heads the Pioneer
during which time all aircraft and satellites differences. The first Venus science steering
radio commands to the About 65 percent of remote sensing fights group. “Findings that
spacecraft will be the vinevards in Napa are scheduled this Venus was once fairly
suspended. and Sonoma counties summer as the Crapovine wet do not prove that
are planted with a grape foliage Increases Iajor oceans existed,
Saving Grapes rootstock vulnerable to a Mondavi. which but makes their
The Ames Research new strain of phylloxera, plans continued use of existence far more likely
Center is using aerial an aphid-like insect that the technologws. will The new Pioneer data
and satellite images to kills grapevines by make the results of the | provide evidence that
help battle a serious sucking juice from the jointly financed large amounts of water
insect problem facing plants” roots. The bug $350, 000-a-vear, three- were definitely there.”
California's $10 billion- nearly destroved the vear study available to Deuterium, a heavy
a-vear wine industry. A vinevards of France and other wine growers form of hvdrogen,
team that includes the California more than a According to Phil normativ is found ina
Robert Mondavi Winery century ago, causing Freese, Mondavi's Vice specific ratio with
in Napa Vailey and severe ECOnOTHIC President for wine ordinary hvdrogen. But
researchers from three hardship growing, replanting the deuterium on Venus is
California universities Joan Salute, Ames vinevards costs about 150 times more
NASA Magazine Summer 1993
forming clouds in the Happy Birthday, million words—-each
Milky Way present a TDRSS
second
new challenge to April marked the 10th
theories of how galaxies anniversary of NASA's
Tracking and Data Relay To Mars
evolve.
Scentists from the Satellite Svstem. a With Russia
Ames Research Center revolutionary “switch- NASA Administrator
had been expecting to board in space” thiat Dan Goldin and Russian
find “simpler forms of keeps the Space Shuttle Space Agency Director
hydrocarbons, molecules and other orbiting Yuri Koptes signed a
that make up materials spacecraft in near- contract in April to fh
similar to candle wax or constant touch with two US. instruments on
gasoline” in the dense Earth. The TDRSS the Russian Mars ‘94
clouds, according to Lou replaced a ground-hased mission planned for
Allamandola. head of the network developed in launch in November
science observation the early davs of the 1994. The mission will
Artist's conception of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
against the Venusian background. team. But instead thes space program that deploy small landing
found large quantities— allowed spacecraft to stations and penetrators
the equivalent of communicate with Earth and carr a complement
abundant relative to planetarn masses —ot only on those rare of vastruments to stuck
hydrogen than it is on nuicro-diamonds occasions when they the surface and atone
Earth. The new data dominating every cloud were in sight of a sphere ol Mars
suggest that this may not they observed. tracking station Under the contract
alwavs have been the The Allamandola The first TDRS which has a pote vtial
CASE. team puzzled for more satellite was launched value of S15 nlbion. the
“We found a new than a vear before from the Shuttle in April Babakin Engineorng
and important easy- identifving the micro- 1983. Since then, four Research Center and the
escape mechanism diamonds. Having more satellites have Space Research Institute
which accelerates observed a prevalence of been put into orbit. the of the Russian Acadeny
hydrogen and deuterium softer hwdrocarbons in latest in January of this of Sciences will provide
away from the planet” regions between the vear. The existing technical senices for
savs Donalme. “This clouds. thes hracl system: which inchides integrating and testing
means that much more expected those materials backups. should ser the US) Mars Ovident
hvdrogen had to escape to be common inside the NASA's conmmnications Experiment (MOX)
to build up the present clouds as well. The needs into the later part estrensents \ duplicate
hig’s deuterium finding means that of this decack VON instrament will Ay
concentration. A lot astronomers will have to The TDRSS enables on cach of the two
more hydrogen lost revise their ideas about uninterrupted. real-tine Russian small stations
means a lot more water how matter moves in communications with up The experiment will
carh on. and out of the clouds to 24 spacecraft provide chemical
“This shoots a hole in Simmultaneoush At its information about the
Diamonds a major premise of highest capacity, the Martian soil and will
in the Sky galactic chemical system can transfer the enable scientists to
Huge amounts of evolution theories.” savs equivalent of a2 0- characterize the physical
microscopic diamonds science team member volume encyclopedia and chemical nature of
discovered in ster- Scott Sandford containing over 34 the planet's surface
Summer 1993 NASA Magazine
The Big Red million lightvears from
Supergiants Earth in a galaxy known
Scientists have long as M81 in the constella-
theorized that red tion of Ursa Major.
supergiants—stars with Sonneborn savs the
diameters as large as “stellar wind” flowing
Jupiter's orbit around outward from the Aboard Discovery, astronaut J. Michael Foale, talks to
amateur radio operavtiao SrARsEX .
the Sun—end their explosion will tell
existence in massive scientists much about weight and innovative the Alabama. Mississippi
explosions called the late stages of a star's spacecraft components and Tennessee area.
supernovas. Now, thanks life. also will be tested, Students from NASA’s
to the International including a star tracker. Tri-State Education
Ultraviolet Explorer's Oh My Dartin’... an inertial measurement Initiative (TSED) region
observation of a new NASA announced in unit, reaction wheels for had three different
supernova on March 30, April that Eugene attitude control, a nickel chances to experience
they have direct Shoemaker of the U.S. hvdrogen battery and STS-56 activities. First.
evidence. Geologic Survey in solar panels 17 students traveled to
According to George Flagstaff, Ariz., will head The science team is the Kennedy Space
Sonneborn, an IUE the science team for the planning for the Center to witness
research scientist at the upcoming Clementine acquisition of science Discover ’s lift-offon
Goddard Space Flight mission to orbit the data as well as the April 8. Two davs later
Center, the discovery Moon and fly past an archiving and initial 2.000 students gathered
substantiates decades of asteroid. Clementine analvsis of those data. ina high school
work in stellar structure sponsored by the The Naval Research gvinnasium to speak to
theory. The supernova’s Strategic Defense Laboratory is respon- the STS-56 crew via ham
nearncss and the Initiative Office, will sible for designing the radio.
quickness with which launch a small spacecraft mission, providing the NASA's TSE area
IUE was able to observe in January 1994 to orbit spacecraft and conduct- was selected in a
it were critical factors in the Moon for several ing mission Operations national competition as
determining that the months, gathering The Jet Propulsion one of 12 sites to
exploding star is geological data. The Laboraton will be participate in the Shuttle
surrounded by a thick spacecraft would then fly responsible for tracking Amateur Radio Experi-
shell of slowly expanding by th near-Earth the spacecraft using ment (SAREX) by the
gas. Heated to very high asteroid 1620 NASA's Deep Space American Radio Relay
temperatures by the Geographos on August Network and for locating League and NASA
enormous energy 31, 1994, when the Geographos using its Twenty-one students
released in the explo- asteroid is at its closest Near Earth Object acted as representatives
sion, the ultraviolet approach to Earth. Center prior to the flyby for the whole group,
emissions from the The goals of the asking questions of all
glowing gas were
mission are to test new, Shuttling the astronauts. Another
detected by IUE. lightweight sensors ina Vicariously 30 students quizzed the
Scientists expect to space radiation environ- Of the many stories astronauts via satellite
gain a wealth of new ment and to demon- surrouraling the link from Mississippi.
knowledge from strate autonomous successful STS-56 in a brief but unforget-
studying the supernova, navigation and space- mission in April, one table exchange with
which occurred about 12 craft operation. Light- involves students within the crew. ®
NASA Magazine Summer 1993
TRANSITLON
the Meritorious Tenney; from Lewis:
CatherG.i Scnhaeuer . Executive Rank Award Henry Brandhorst,
and $10,000. The Brent Miller and Joseph
Saggio; and from
at the Langley Research
Marshall: Carolyn
first place state awards Griner, Charles Henke,
John Lynn and John
in the VirginPiraes s
Women’s annua! McCarty.
communications contest
in AprTihel aw.ard s
were in Institutional
Relations, Government,
for her role as the
center's chairman and
project manager of its
75th anniversary-year
Open House brochure.
Each entry now goes on
to compeatte th e have been left out of
natiolenvela flor a carien seciernces a nd
National Federation of technology.
Press Women award. “I leawvithe t he
honor of having been the
At the 45th annual first woman of color in
presentatoifo tnh e spaacnd ewit,h an
ArtSh. Fulemrmin g appreciaoft iNAoSnA—
Awaforr excdellesnce in the organizatitohna t
government service in gave me the opportunity
Matywo ,NA SA to make onoef m y
employees received dreams possible,” said
recognition. Dryden's Jemison. “The experi-
MaRr. Btohn-aMey er encoefs t he NASA
was awardfoerd he r Forty-three NASA astronaut program have Sciences and Applica-
outstanding achieve- managers received the opemnaney ddoor s, and tions. In April, the
menast as NAS A 1992 PresidentiRaaln k provai wdaye tod p ut Office of Exploration
scienwthoi dsisttin - Awalasrt Apdril in McHenry, John O'Neill my hard work and
guished herself in the recognoift suistoainne d and Harold Stall; from training to use for the
field of flight research. extraordinary career Kennedy: George goofo otdhers .”
BoMheyern is -the o nly accomplishmentsT.e n English, Walter Murphy The 36-yeaorl d
womin tahe wnorld to honorees received the and James Thomas; from medical doctor was
have actively performed Distinguished Executive Langley: H. Lee Beach, selected for the
the role of FlighTets t Rank Award, which Darrell Branscome, astronaut program in
Engininet hee rMa ch inclaun dawearsd o f Lana Couch, John June 1987. She was a
3+ SR-7a1nd, he r $20,an0d 303 r0ece,ive d Stokes and Darrel science mission
Summer 1993 NASA Magazine
INSIDE STPSHS ESSS SSS BSSESR LSST SESWS SSEA SEEYR SS SR CR eeeeee ee ee rere
We call it The Eternal Opinion surveys show that While most taxpavers favor
Question or The Universal a strong space program. space is not an emotional
Question. Sometimes we just issuc.
call it The Question. The final factor, of course, is money. Although it
We hear it from seems ludicrous to sav it, NASA's $15 billion budget
scientists, from astronauts, is among the government's more modest expendi-
from center directors and tures. The space station costs approximately 17th of
from other key NASA one percent of the annual budget. So the rise and
figures who visit us inside fall of space spending does not generate the kind of
The Beltway to be near the shock wave that comes from, say, the proposed
legislative process. As sure Closing of military bases around the country, which
as (God intended people to has regional impacts of huge significance.
fly, sometime during their NASA also operates under specific guidelines
visit they drop The Ques- when approaching the Congress. We can and should
tion. The exact wording may educate lawmakers on the President's program and
differ slightly, but it's usually budget for NASA, but certain types of lobbying are
something along the lines of, prohibited by law. Penalties can be severe, including
“Why can't we make fines, jail sentences and mandatory removal from
Congress appreciate the important and exciting federal service. Expressly forbidden activities
things the agency does?” include:
We at NASA take tremendous pride in the Use of appropriated funds in an attempt to
unique aspect of our organization. We are unlike influence. directh or mdinecth |n ierbers of
anything else in government, or in the private sector. Congress in support of of in opposition to proposed
for that matter. Partly because of this uniqueness. no legislation.
mobilized, vocal constituency exists that is interested Use of appropriated funds for publicity o1
by Dr. John Lawrence,
in NASA’s mission. propaganda designed to support or defeat pending
Oiiice of Legislative Affairs,
Regulatory agencies have such a constituency. legislation.
NASA Hoa.
Sav. for instance, the Interstate Commerce Commis- Attempts to accomplish indirectly what cannot be
sion took an action that adversely affected the accomplished directly — for example. by assistinog r
trucking industry, Or the Federal Communications soliciting private groups or organizations.
Commission issued a regulation that affected the We must also be sensitive to NASA's position as
broadcast media's First Amendment freedoms. an clement of the Executive Branch of government.
Institutions with enormous financial and political Our charter is to defend the President's budget — all
power would react immediately, decisively and of it, not just NASA's share. Tan of us were to
lowly. Having no regulatory authority, NASA lacks disagree with some aspect of the budget, whether it's
a comparable constituency. foreign aid, or defense, or even another part of the
Nor does the agency produce goods and services NASA budget. it would be inappropriate to advance
that go directly to the public. If the government those personal views while acting in an official
were to reduce Social Security payments, for Capacity
example, or cut veterans’ benefits. the response \ remarkable fact is that. despite the limuts and
would be huge. One can argue that NASA infle- conditions that constrain us, NASA enjoys a good
ences technology, the aerospace industry and the deal of success in dealing with the Congress. A quick
general economic welfare —- all of which is trac. But look at how other segments of government fare in
the effects are less obvious, and taxpayers under discretionary funding shows that NASA does
standably tend to react to government programs in comparatively well, That could be why our answer to
proportion to their perceived vested interests The Question may sometimes seem lacking
Then there are the emotional issues like abortion. because to a great extent, Congress does understand
school prayer and gay rights — issues that can and appreciate the important and exciting things that
polarize and mobilize people in great numbers NASA does. «
NASA Magazine Summer 1993
