Table Of ContentMuellerIssue
Mueller - Champion ofVictoria's Giant trees
Bernard Mace'
In the year 1895, botanist A. D. Hardy amygdalina as occurs in more open
(Hardy 1921) accompanied by the famous country. This species or variety,
photographer J. M. Lindt led a party of which might be called Euc. regnans,
people to the location of an enormous represents the loftiest tree in the
specimen of Australia's tallest tree, the British territory, and ranks next to the
Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans, on Sequoia Wellingtonia in size any-
Mount Monda near Healesville. The party whereon theglobe.'
consisted mainly of members of the Later events persuaded him to revise this
Geographical Society, and world famous size ranking and to claim giant specimens
botanist Baron Ferdinand von Mueller. ofthe Mountain Ash to be the tallest trees
Hardy respectfully named it the 'Mueller in the world. Mueller was an unabashed
Tree' in honour of his colleague, even enthusiast for the giant Mountain Ash, but
though 'the Baron' had wandered off on he was alsoacutely aware that they were a
his own private botanical excursion and rapidly disappearing feature of the
was not presentto witness theoccasion. Australian landscape. The plight of the
This magnificent tree was later mea- forests in general was already a cause for
sured accurately - 64 feet (19.7 metres) concern in the late 1800s.
circumference at 6 feet (1.8 metres) above From the earliest days ofEuropean set-
ground level, and height of307 feet (94.5 tlement in Victoria, the forests were
metres). In the 1930s this same tree was exploited with unprecedented energy and
'rediscovered' by Mr Harold Furmston, an indecent haste. This was particularly true
employee of the Melbourne and of those tall eucalypt forests that clothed
Metropolitan Board of Works, and was the hills in close proximity to Melbourne,
renamed the "Furmston Tree' by the such as the Dandenongs and Kinglake
Healesville Progress Association. The Ranges which are now known collectively
same tree is still standing and very much as the 'Central Highlands'. The early
alive today, although now reduced in explorerscommented on theextraordinary
height by decay and wind damage. height ofthe 'tall gums' thatgrew in these
Nevertheless, it exudes an atmosphere of areas, butvery few had thebotanical train-
mystery and silent dignity, reflecting its ingorinterest torealise thesignificanceof
great age, immense proportions and moss- what they were observing. The Mountain
covered convolutionsofits buttressed root Ash Eucalyptus regnans, which is the
system, thus remaining a fitting tribute to tallest of the eucalypts, predominates
the great botanist after whom it was origi- throughout most of this region, and until
nally named. the end of the 19th century, the tallest
In his work on the identification and specimens in specific locations providing
classification of the flora of Victoria, ideal conditions, may well have been the
Mueller made a particular study of the tallest trees in the world. However, this
Mountain Ash and was responsible for was not recognised until it was too late,
naming and classifying the species. In his and the exploitation proceeded unrelent-
'Second Census of Australian Plants' ingly, with very little consideration that
(Mueller 1870), he gives the following the forests were being robbed of their
description: crowning glory, the giants of the old
'Eucalyptus amygdalina, Lindl. - In growthforest.
our sheltered springy (containing The first wave of destruction resulted
water springs) lotvsi fk-ns attaining from the activities ofthe 'paling splitters'
not rarely a heighi ol over 400 feet, who scoured 'the scrub' to find the tallest
there forming a smooth stem and and straightest timber, that, once felled
broad leaves, producing a foliage dif- with axe and cross-cut saw, would split
ferent to the ordinary state of Euc. cleanly and easily, yielding huge volumes
'785MyersCreekRoud,Toolangi.3777 ofpalings and shingles. These were items
198 The Victorian Naturalist
MuellerIssue
desperately needed and essential to the late, particularly through the miners'
development of housing in the new tracks,easieraccesshasbeenafforded
colony. It was lucrative business for these to the back-gullies of our mountain
forerunners of the timber industry and a system. Some astounding data, sup-
popularoccupationamongstpioneers. ported by actual measurements are
This rapidly became acompetitive busi- nowonrecord.Thehighesttreeprevi-
ness, and the 'splitters' searched far and ously known was a Karri (Eucalyptus
wide forthe biggest trees thatwould yield colossea) measured by MrPemberton
the highest returns for the hard work of Walcott in one ofthe delightful glens
cutting them down. Thus it was that sto- of the Warren River of Western
ries began to filter through to the commu- Australia, where it rises to approxi-
nity about the huge size of some of the mately 400 feet high. Into the hollow
trees. trunkofthisKarri threeriderswithan
There was precious little interest, and additional packhorse, could enter and
the scantest of records from the early turnin it withoutdismounting. Onthe
1800s, but a few scientists began to take desire ofthe writerofthesepages,Mr
reports seriously of exceptionally tall D. Boyle measured a fallen tree of
trees. The appointmentofMuelleras State Eucalyptus amygdalina (now known
Botanist of Victoria in 1853, and later as as E. regnans - mountain ash) in the
Director of the Botanic Gardens, placed deep recesses of Dandenong, and
him in the ideal position toreview reports obtained forit the length of420 feet,
oftheseenormoustrees andhe wasproba- withproportions indicated in adesign
bly the first to fully recognise their ofa monumental structure placed in
majesty and botanical significance. He the exhibition; while Mr G. Clein
enthusiastically embraced the process of tookthe measurementofaEucalyptus
documenting evidence ofthe colossal size on the Blacks' Spur, 10 miles from
of the largest specimens of eucalypts. Healesville,480feethigh!'
Mueller soon perceived that a precarious This information is highly significant,
situation had arisen. He was receiving coming from the botanist who classified
sawmillers and surveyors accounts of Eucalyptus regnans and spent so much
giant Mountain Ash ofimmense propor- time studying and documenting these
tions, while at the same timethe universal magnificent trees. It should be noted that
preoccupation of the timber workers was Mueller was a meticulous and indefatiga-
ctoousledekfionud.t Caonndsefeqluletnhtelyl,argiteswtatsreeevsitdheenyt btlreavsecriesnetdistthweholseengcotlhleactnidngberxepaedditthioonsf
detxheiasIsttntreano1cy8ewe6odw6nasdaMteuberetglhileonefnrsinna(gamMtetuuoerblteeliemvwraealis1td8ahta6bet6ed-i.i7nt)gs bsHsVipceeceicrtcebaoinarmmicreeaei.nduse(mB,eWypirmlleyal1p8noic6rsyot8ne,acodenflhrdyiwnseheCdcixooccalhhelbneeowcdutete1ird9otenh93se3n0)fi0e.an,twe0tH0hote0eof
wrtwesiswlttoisithoiutnholierek'ngentltyI:ekusonannl-ehaogynoaubtaftmefnuevsptrdduiheaoeoteicfdsfrletihovbooanicfasertrrsonoubaeeatpfceapnidhhertnyltsiiidbtehcsuocahsteatnrkosashil,vuntneewneeacodootxioywffuoenrnsiolrsydtrroeo,aeselsdfasatgemtttgnlepswhtetydils.ieehanlnotGtetslhdthhrnitieeeeeochoandraennohancuetvinveccoliosi-,ee-ny--fs hCcVtMtittpioahislheahnolechureaguihticstinfionwiamfotgrgotceemerhiaruxhdhnelawlilicei,ednaafiget,mrr.oghowelreAhtedsbyAtmstrioettsaholhonemhtieifegehteiinitot5hrngvnitishe0iehnmeeiao0feetgenmuahvtpsgcrfggaiteogrtrisedrfaioetaeteotttaawhqnrhnta(nteeuetaicn1tesoienc5tsMntisge4taeisao,alnsexulcmghbiqenaaeceynbstuntumtityrdhaomppgceeuiitahlosarlsnrat)tmeaeaots,spestAuseltsaesgeavoradhohonoenis-,,tffd-fnrt
jtdVeiheccentTtchoeoreAfieuaamcsnraltlrorytsvarpeeellrelisala,cionneuh,vdsaesoshntaebiinrgegdeachcttooirmoeodens.fpstseihcoenimcaeselulbooy-tt apr1esr0psi0oemrrattfsrie,oienltaylwta(ohsanoruwogpeuhlrnloadfnfeeos3cusd0niodotenamdlae,tlerbveesisiud)nre.gvnecbTyeahosirenssdo
199
Vol. 113 (4) 1996
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'Mueller'Tree early 1900's.
,
200 The Victorian Naturalist
MuellerIssue
Mueller'Treetoday.PhotocourtesyEraMainka.
201
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doubt played a part. Sometimes standing desired affirmative result was intended to
trees were measured using a theodolite or be highlighted at the Centennial
clinometer, but even more convincingly, International Exhibition in Melbourne.
some enormous specimens were accurate- The size claimed had to be validated by a
ly measured by 'tape line' on the ground, qualified surveyor, but this proved to be a
where they had either fallen by chance or tall orderin more ways than one. The fact
beenfelledbytheaxeman. that strenuous efforts to produce the evi-
Contemplating an explanation for the dencethat wouldreap thereward failed, is
superior size of Mountain Ash found in often quoted as evidence that Mueller's
Victoria, compared to interstate locations, claims were invalid. In fact a professional
Muellerwrote(Mueller 1866-7): photographer, J. Duncan Pierce and a sur-
'The enormous height attained by not veyor, C. R. Cunningham were employed
isolated, butvastmassesofourtimber to photographand measure as many ofthe
trees in the rich diluvial deposits of known giant trees as possible before the
sheltereddepressionswithin Victorian 1888 exhibition. The largest tree they
ranges, findsits principal explanation, could find was 'The Neerim Giant' which
perhaps in the circumstances that the stood 326 feet high (100 metres) and 48
richness of the soil is combined with feet (14.8 metres) girth at chest height.
the humid geniality of the climate, Located on a spur of Mt Baw Baw, this
never sinking to the colder tempera- was undeniably a huge tree as the photo-
ture of Tasmania, nor rising to a graphic records show, but it was still 75
warmth less favourable to the strong feet short of the desired 400 foot mark.
development of these trees in New However, E. J. Dowey (Hardy 1923), the
South Wales.' timbercutterwholedtheparty tothistree,
In other words, Victoria had the unique reported that freezing conditions and the
combination of climatic and environmen- poor health of Pierce, meant that rather
tal factors that enabled the forest giants to than search out the largest tree in the area,
reach their full potential after centuries of they had merely located the closest large
development. Largely because of specimen and measured it alone before
Mueller's dedicated investigative work, returning quickly to civilisation. He also
considerable efforts weremadeto findand asserted that he had found and cut down
record the largest surviving specimens in much larger trees in the same area some
the late 1800s. Surveyors, forestry work- time afterwards! The record ofthe search,
ers and timber mill operators measured in the lead up to the 1888 exhibition can
andrecordedthelargesttreestheyencoun- be found in 'Giant Trees Of Australia,'
tered and submitted their records to the (Anon 1888), the superb compilation of
Herbarium. Several prominent photogra- photographs with minimal text that
pherstravelled farand wideto securepho- resulted from the efforts of Pierce and
tographic records of the most impressive Cunningham.
specimens they could find. Nicholas Caire It is easy to criticise an assertion that
(Caire 1905), in particular, became devot- stretches the limits of our credulity or
ed to the quest for images ofthe rapidly imagination, but there was little justifi-
disappearing giants, to confirm their exis- cation for claims that Mueller was prone
tence forfuturegenerations. Unfortunately to exaggerate. He was not alone in report-
the extraordinary giants amongst ing the extraordinary height of Victoria's
the Mountain Ash were the first to be Mountain Ash. Botanist A. D. Hardy also
eliminated. documentedaccounts ofgiantexamples of
It is not surprising that claims of the species, sometimes without embarking
Eucalyptus regnans attaining such stupen- on exhaustive analysis of the reports
dous heights were vigorously challenged (Hardy 1921). Most of the tallest trees
from various quarters. For instance, in recorded by Mueller were measured by
1888 arewardof£600wasoffered toany- surveyors, and although there were some
one who could prove the existence of a notable inconsistencies, there is nojustifi-
tree 400 feet or more in height. The cation for doubting the veracity of all
202 The Victorian Naturalist
MuellerIssue
reports. None the less, criticismsdid arise, surements.' A sound proposal, but by the
and one polite detractor was the State early 1900s it was apparently already too
Botanist of New South Wales, J. H. late. He expressed doubts about the size
Maiden who took the more conservative claimed for the 'Neerim Giant', 326 feet
view point. In The Forest Flora ofNew high, and made dismissive comments
South Wales, No. 72, (Maiden 1904-25), about an even bigger specimen that came
he wrote: tobeknownasthe 'ThorpdaleTree,' mea-
Eucalyptus regnans F. V. M. 'The sured by Government certified surveyor
GiantGumTree George Cornthwaite in 1880. This giant
A large tree, the largest indeed in from South Gippsland was measured with
Australia, though inferior in size to a theodolite at 370 feet high, and then
the Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens shortly after was cut down by
and the 'Big Tree' Sequoia Cornthwaite's pastoralist brother and
Wellingtonia of Western America. more accurately remeasured with a tape
Trees about 300 feet high are known lineontheground.Theresultwas375feet
inVictoria..' confirmed. This was reported in The
Laterin thesamepublicationhereferred Victorian Naturalist, July 1918. Currently
toMuellerasfollows: this vanquished monarch is remembered
'The greatest claims to possess the with a pathetic pole, topped with a sign
tallest trees of the world have been reading 'THE WORLD'S TALLEST
made on behalf of Victoria, most of TREE.' This tree has been referred to in
them from Gippsland. In 1862 the GuinnessBookofRecords(erroneous-
Mueller wrote to the Seaman's ly) as the tallest hardwood tree in the
Journal ofBotany that Mr. D. Boyle, world at 115 metres (375 feet) high. Ifit
of Nunawading, near Melbourne, has was still standing, it would be at least 4
measured a fallen tree in the recesses metres higher than the largest Redwood
of Dandenong and found it to be 420 stillstanding inCalifornia.Thetallestcur-
rently accepted record of a Californian
fSeuetr.v'eyorBoyle was apparently discred- Redwood Sequoia sempen>irens is 368
ited at a laterdate afteratree he measured feet (113 metres) and 66 feet (20 metres)
at 466 feet was allegedly remeasured at girth at chest height. This fine tree fell
tfMa2iawoneemMoorfguxun1orerrqrepegm9aoroeuleelleersnxtleaclylftuhtegilteaoeeererntrifrqrteta,gfte.u.oomsibrmtworcboeeyTgoeideuetPdrhenittp?teheitenththissrdiaieMgw.uthtMrchiamhrauhyssdltaiivEepeihaingldefsghvaimmhliyheenne1eteetiotnd0nsrigar1h0th,nhs0errscgataecpyehoovspenseocfeumseearolu.rgprwncayerlechrbhfeOcaimdemteelnittbnanieehthcevtgptctneeadhitoirrenswoin(ogusbuindaudModraiagtiripsuouodhsspelscpdeccclneydilaaroyleamareftudlrpitcaduhiolleaelmhegiasindnderselt--t- dMttcPmErMbnoHurrehooeexoowoearptrnenhuunehiwoofnzinSrsernwueiibaiwtgtarmgrnveibgearaehm,uastdnersapi'teiiasrrtstdntCfoni(thpuorwitnoebHorrecAarraybtoeepasksmrehvdiknatiadehni,odityn4ywdnlildm0iiaespbMybne1t01cnpdere,ue99hneldiotls19nftabntas22dsbetywyg,.eeuoehotatdodfecuaws1afsrplesr9aefteoeud2Mosncchsnrr1atellergv)iifwwa,a,en£oolmilayeSalrn6bmioa.snetbu0e'rlbddott,ydo0Wlo.hiabesirsewttltertrioshIoaeleagtoe.ie1swfiiihutsna8wTrmnaasorndi8haeonvlrodoli8detms-efyl.td
1885): sectioned into thirteen pieces, each
hiS'etneihgqeghuettoa,vilelraenestaatcnthhrdeienergWoeetfnlolot4hiwe0nn0gegtldfooebenCeta,palsiinunfdroepersavnseisiann- eaawpdnapdsrtororxeeiatpmhsoeasrteteemEdlbxylhteiofdbiibfitteneiteo7onn2afeBfseeutteuitnlhnid(ig2inh2n,ggmteerxgtahrrnioesbuspio)ntrdtiIs-nt
Mamiodree.n'called for constructi.ve acti.on tno cirDceuspmifteeretnhceeoaptpgosriotuinodnlteoveilh.e notion that
sstwerihtelotelul,elbdetmhhebeaeasavster,ugraiutfempdleoensabtssiyt(bltMaeWa,Oisdutieornnvdteea1ykp9oee0rn4a,d-e2sa5nt.tna)ndm.deiwane-g eVodin.cteaoOrrntihea,o'ontfhceehiBshaarcroobn'onutwreeamdspotfrihanearltilayellsveisbtndyitcrtaehte-es
203
Vol. 113 (4) 1996
MuellerIssue
name of William Ferguson, who was a be 435 feet from its roots to the top
licensed surveyor and in fact the of its trunk. At 5 feet from the
'Inspector of State Forests of Victoria', ground it measures 18 feet in diam-
wasassigned the task ofassessing thetim- eter. At the extreme end where
it
ber reserves ofthe Watts River catchment has broken in its fall, it (the trunk)
near Healesville and to report on its suit- is 3 feet in diameter. This tree has
ability for proclamation as a State Forest. beenmuch burnt byfire,and Ifully
Ferguson investigated 'areas that had not believe that before it fell it must
been penetrated by the timber splitter or have been more than 500 feet high.
Cthleemweonotd cutHtoerd.gk',iannsdonr,eportAesdsitsotaMnrt bArsidigtenaocrwoslsieasdeitepforravmisne.a'complete
Commissioner of State Forests in 1872, This, the 'Ferguson Tree,' may well
(Simpfendorfer 1982) that.... have been the tallest tree ever accurately
'Some places, where the trees are recorded by mankind. Ferguson's report
fewer and ata lower altitude, the tim- was secretedaway inGovernmentfilesfor
ber is much larger in diameter, aver- many years and apparently never came to
aging from 6 to 10 feet and frequently the notice of Mueller. This record has
trees to 15 feet in diameter are met recently been investigated by Dr A. C.
with on alluvial flats near the river. Carder, a retired forester from Canada
These trees average about ten per who has investigated tall tree records
macorues;.thMeiarnsyizeo,fstohmeettriemeess,thaistehnaovre- GwourilndnewsisdeB,oaonkd oitfisReccuorrrednst.lyTlhiestebdiigngetshte
fallenthroughdecayand by bush fires girth ever recorded in Australia was the
measure 350 feet in length, with girth 'Bulga Stump' a Mountain Ash from the
ssinpuerpecrdiopmowerinttihtohna.ttheIlnatyoanppeeroislntisrntaeatneocneaecIrohmsuesgae-a cTmhaeerasrstauhBreueilgdhgta1,1rae1ngdifeoienttsof(h3oS4loluomtwehtirGneitsep)rpisoglriarnctdoh.ulaIdtt
tributary of the Watts and found it to 'comfortably' house 11 horses.
The"BulgaStump'.ThelargestgirthevermeasuredinAustralia
204 The Victorian Naturalist
MuellerIssue
Photographed in 1888, it was already the century. The present status of that
dead and broken off, so we can only formerly ideal forest ecosystem is now
speculatehowtall itmayhavebeen inits so greatly modified that the grandeur of
prime, and unfortunately, it was burned the past may never be seen again.
soonafter. Thankfully, the published notes of
On balance, it appears that official Mueller and a few other dedicated indi-
efforts to confirm the existence of viduals were preserved to inform us of
Mountain Ash upwards of400 feet tall, the extraordinary tall trees that once
inthelatterpartofthe 19thcentury,were characterised Victoria's Mountain Ash
poorly executed and perhaps 20 to 30 forests.
years too late. The evidence shows that
Mueller was correct inhis assertions and References:
well aware of the environmental factors Anon.(1888).GiantTreesofVictoria.
that enabled Mountain Ash to reach CaiVricetoNr.ia.i.T(h1e90Vi5c)t.orNioatneNsatournaltihsetG2i1a.n1t22T-r1e28e.s of
exceptional heights in Victoria. He and Hardy,A.D.(1921).GiantEucalyptsofVictoria.The
some of his contemporaries were ofthe Gum Tree,June, 15-16, (Official organofthe
AustralianForestLeague).
opinion that most of the great trees had Hardy, A. D.(1923).TheMeasuringofTall Trees.
already been destroyed by the paling TheVictorianNaturalist39,166-175.
splitters, or by the fires that followed HarVdiyc,torAi.anD.Nat(u1r9a3l5i)s.t5A1u,st2r3a1l-ia2'4s1.GiantTrees. The
European settlement, by as early as 1860 Maiden,J. H. (1904-25)Fo/-es;FloraofN. S. W.,
(Mueller 1885). Subsequent timber Part72.
Mueller, F. V. (1870). 2ndCensus ofAustralian
harvesting practices and policies gave Plants.
neither recognition nor protection to the Mueller,F.V.(1866-67).AustralianVegetation.Part
tallest trees in the world. Even those 5Meolfbotuhreneof.ficialrecord.Intercolonial Exhibition,
giants thatmay have survived in protect- Mueller, F. V. (1889).Letterto TheArgus', May
ed water catchments were probably 25.
destroyed by bushfires, which increased SMuiemlplfecrn,doFr.feVr.,(1K8.8J5.).(1S9e8l2e)c.t'EBxitgraTrTereospiicnalViPcltaonrtisa.'.
in frequency and intensity as a Willis, J.H. and Cohn, H.M.(1993). Botanical
consequence of human activities and ExplorationofVictoriaIn'FloraofVictoria'.Vol.1.
Eds D.B. Forman andN.G. Walsh. (InkataPress:
modifications to the environment. Melbourne).
Consequently, the most magnificent
botanical feature of Australia's wilder-
ness was effectively lost by the turn of
FOREST CONSERVATION
Isproeiglarodrthteo fdoervesatstaastaen, hbeurtitatgoebgeivweinsteoluysubsyedn,aturreev,ernoetntfloyr
Shonoured, and carefully maintained. I regard the forests as a
fgiftho^^tpruascteedof[stiicm]e,totoanbye osfurursenodnelryedfotrotproasnts*iaerinttycaagraeinduarsianng
unimoaired property, with increased riches and augmented
Tto'pass as'a sacred patrimony from generation to
generation. K Mueller (1871)
nfcrdafi^^
•Forestcu.tureir
205
Vol. 113 (4) 1996
MuellerIssue
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