Table Of ContentPage i
CLARENDON ARISTOTLE SERIES
General Editors
J. L. ACKRILL AND LINDSAY JUDSON
Page ii
Also published in this series
Categories and De Interpretatione
J. L. ACKRILL
De Anima Books II and III
D. W. HAMLYN
New impression with supplementary material by Christopher Shields
De Generatione et Corruptione
C. J. F. WILLIAMS
De Partibus Animalium I and De Generatione Animalium I
D. M. BALME
New impression with supplementary material by Allan Gotthelf
Eudemian Ethics Books I, II, and VIII
MICHAEL WOODS
Second edition
Metaphysics Books M and N
JULIA ANNAS
Physics Books I and II
WILLIAM CHARLTON
New impression with supplementary material
Physics Books III and IV
EDWARD HUSSEY
New impression with supplementary material
Posterior Analytics
JONATHAN BARNES
Second edition
Other volumes are in preparation
Page iii
Aristotle Metaphysics
Books G, D, and E
Translated with Notes
by
Christopher Kirwan
Second Edition
CLARENDON PRESS. OXFORD
Page iv
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Page v
PREFACE
The text translated is that of W. Jaeger in the Oxford Classical Texts Series (1957). Footnotes in the translation mark the few places where I have diverged from it.
Matter enclosed in square brackets in the translation is either specification of Aristotle's references, e.g. '[1011a20]', or alternative translations, e.g. 'origin [principle]',
or words not represented in the Greek, e.g. 'original [step]' where the Greek has 'origin'. The marginal lineations in the translation are placed in such a way that, for
instance, the English in the line marked 1003a35 translates matter from lines 34 and 35 in the Greek text. Thus the lineations err, when at all, on the side of being early.
Chapter divisions are traditional (though not due to Aristotle himself); punctuation, parentheses, and paragraphing are my own.
Among several useful translations of the Metaphysics into English Sir David Ross's still stands out as the most accurate and perceptive. Since there would have been
little point in attempting a second time what he has done already, I have aimed at a more literal rendering, for which there is a greater need now that many students of
philosophy come to Aristotle without Greek. In pursuit of this aim I have tried to avoid using the same English word to translate two Greek words; so, for example, the
common word 'phanai' is given as 'assert', in order to reserve 'say' (among other renderings) for the equally common 'legein'.
I gladly acknowledge my debt to many scholars and colleagues, and first to Sir David Ross, not only for the model which his translation provided but also for the help
I have received from the enviably knowledgeable and sensible commentary in his edition of the Metaphysics. I have rarely consulted other Commentaries, except
Alexander. Secondly, I thank Professor J. L. Ackrill, editor of this series, whose acute and thorough criticism of my translation and notes has
Page vi
improved them at many places and in many ways. I owe a great debt to his assistance and encouragement. Thirdly, I am glad to record my thanks to many others who
have read drafts or helped me in correspondence: to R.J. Hawkins who checked the proofs and made a number of useful suggestions; to J. Barnes who commented
on drafts G 34 and E; to M. Scholar who allowed me to read his detailed essay on G 45; to W. Charlton whose version of, and notes on, Physics II 3 I was able to
see before their publication; to J. A. Baker and A. J. P. Kenny who read and criticized the translations of G and D respectively; and to Miss W. F. Hicken and
Professor P. T. Geach. Last, I owe thanks to my College and the University of Michigan, the one for giving me the sabbatical leave during which half this book was
written, the other for affording me most congenial surroundings for working on it during part of that leave.
CHRISTOPHER KIRWAN
EXTER, COLLEGE, OXFORD
MAY 1970
Note on Second Edition
Some corrections were already made in the 1980 reprint; this second edition introduces about a dozen more. Further Comments are added which take account of
work published since 1971. The Bibliography is enlarged and updated. An Index Locorum is added. The Subject Index is expanded. I have not tried to revise the
Notes, beyond a few minor changes (I would alter many things, if I were now starting afresh).
Marginal page references to the Further Comments have been added at a score or so of places in the Notes.
I wish to thank Professor J. L. Ackrill, Professor M. Frede, and Dr R. L. Judson for their kindness in reviewing the Further Comments, which improved them.
CHRISTOPHER KIRWAN
EXTER COLLEGE, OXFORD
NOVEMBER 1992
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CONTENTS
Translation
Book 1
Book 27
Book E 66
Notes
General 75
Book 75
Book 122
Book E 183
Further Comments (1992) 201
Metaphysics 201
Contradiction 203
Identity 208
Being 214
Coincidence 217
Determinism 222
Bibliography 227
Glossary 239
Index Locorum 241
Index of Names and Subjects 251
Page 1
Metaphysics Book Gamma
Chapter 1
1003a21. There is a discipline which studies that which is
qua thingthatis and those things that hold good of this in its
own right. This is not the same as any of what are called the
special disciplines. For none of the others examines uni
versally that which is qua thingthatis, but all select some
part of it and study what is coincidental concerning that; as 25
for instance the mathematical disciplines. But since we are
seeking origins, i.e. the most extreme causes, it is plain that
these are necessarily a particular nature's in its own right. If
therefore these origins were also sought by those seeking the
elements of the thingsthatare, the elements too are neces 30
sarily of that which is qua thingthatis, not coincidentally.
Hence we also have to find the first causes of that which is
qua thingthatis.
Chapter 2
1003a33. That which is may be so called in several ways, but
with reference to one thing, i.e. one particular nature, not
homonymously. Just as that which is healthy all has reference 35
to health (either from its preserving, or producing, or being
a sign of health, or because recipient of it); and that which is 1003b
medical has reference to medical [art] (either it is called
medical from possessing medical [art], or from being natur
ally suited to it, or from being an exercise of medical [art])—
and we shall find other things called [what they are] in ways
similar to these: just so that which is may also be so called in 5
several ways, but all with reference to one origin. For some
are called things that are because they are substances; some
because they are affections of a substance; some because
B
Page 2
they are a route to a substance, or destructions, or lacks, or
qualities, or productive, or generative of a substance or of
things called [what they are] with reference to substance;
10 or denials of one of these or of a substance (that is why we
assert that even what is not is a thing that is not).
1003b11. Therefore, just as everything that is healthy Falls
to one discipline, this is equally so in the other cases too.
For it falls to one discipline to study not only things called
[what they are] by virtue of one thing, but also things called
[what they are] with reference to one nature; indeed in a
15 certain sense the latter too are called [what they are] by
virtue of one thing. Plainly, therefore, the thingsthatare
also fall to be studied by one discipline qua thingsthatare.
1003b16. In every case the fundamental concern of a
discipline is with its primary [object], i.e. that on which the
others depend and to which they owe their being called
[what they are]. So if this thing is substance, the philosopher
will need to have the principles and causes of substances.
1003b19. Every one genus falls to one perception and
20 discipline; as for instance all spoken sounds are studied by
grammar, which is one discipline. Hence it also falls to
genetically one discipline to study all the forms of that
which is qua thingthatis, and the forms of those forms.
1003b22. Suppose it true, then, that that which is and
that which is one are the same thing—i.e. one nature—in that
each follows from the other as origin and cause do, not as
25 being indicated by one formula (though it makes no differ
ence even if we believe them like that—indeed it helps). For
one man and a man that is and a man are the same thing;
and nothing different is indicated by the reduplication in
wording of 'he is one man' and 'he is one man that is' (it is
plain that there is no distinction in [the processes of] coming
30 to be or destruction); and equally in the case of that which
is one. It follows obviously that the addition indicates the
same thing in these cases, and that which is one is nothing
Description:The books translated in this volume are the fourth, fifth and sixth in the traditional ordering of Aristotle's "Metaphysics". The nature and scope of metaphysics are discussed in the fourth and fifth volumes. A subtle examination of the principles of non-contradiction and excluded middle occupies th