L. J. Henderson on the Social System: Selected Writings

135 Pages·1970·26.827 MB·English

by  Lawrence Joseph Henderson, Edit and introduciton by bernard barber.

I I L.J.
HENDERSON
SOCIOLOGY
ON THES OCIASLY STEM
oSfo c-iology
TheH eritage
' SERIESE DITEDB Y MORRJIASN OWITZ
A
L.] .He ndersao·dn i,s tingubii�schheedm iissta , m ajors ourocfe
contemporsaorcyi olotghiocuagl.h .Tt a lcoPtatr soannsd G eorge
Honunsw erea mongt hem anys tudearittHs a rvardde epliyn ­
fluencbeydh ilse ctuirnse osc iolTohgiycs.o mprehenbsoiovkce o n­
taiHnesn derscoonm'psl e"tSeo cioloLgeyc turheesr,pe"u blished
23
fort hefr istti mea,sw elals m anyo fh isso cisacli enwcrei tianngds
thee ssensttiaatle meonfht isps h ilosoopfhs yc ienAcset .h isst udy
reveatlhsse,c ieonfcs eo ciolhoagbsye neftgtrteeadtf lryo mH ender­
(/)
sonc'osm manodf t hep hilosoapnhdmy e thodcloofgt yh en atural
0
sciences. n
-�
BERNARD BARBER isc hairmoafnt heS ociolDoegpya rtm.ent
atB arnaCrodl leCgoel,u mbUinai versity.
L.]. isa v olumien Heritoafg e
Henderosnto hnSe o ciSayls tem "The
Socioloags ye,r"ie edsi tbeydM orrJiasn owitz. deal
Othevro lumes
witht hew ritinogfGs e orgHee rbert Mead, f-O. gburn,
William
LouiWsi rth, ThomaRs,o berEt.P ark, E.F ranklin
WI. Max cWb cr,
Fraziaenrdo, t hers.
SelecWtreidt inEgdsi,t eadn dw itha nI ntroducbtyi on
CHICAGO
.:C,2. BERNARD BARBER
f
A J>rns �fi
Phoebnoipoxuk b lbiysT hheUedH iveorCshiitcya xo
P:f59 P35$92 .95 ThHee rgeio tSfao cgyi olo
L. HJe.n derson
ON THES OCIASLY STEM
THE HE RITAGE OF SOCIOLOGY
A SerEideist beydM orriJsa nowitz
SelecWtreidt ings
by
Ediatnewddi tahnI ntroduction
BERNARD BARBER
THE UNIVERSITYO F CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAGOA ND LONDON
Contents
PREFACE
vii
INTRODUCTIONb yB ernBaarrdb er
1
l.S oicol2o3Lg eyc tures
57
2. The ProSciceesnsDt iioosfivfcce ry
149
3. AnA pproxDiefimnaittoeifF oa nc t
159
Par'eSstc oieonfSc coei ety
4. 181
ThRee laotfMi edoinc tiotnh ee
5. FundeanmtSacnlic see
191
6. PhysiacnPidaa tnia esaSn coti Sayls tem
202
7. ThEeff teoscfS o icaEln vironment
214
8. Aphoroints hmAesd verotfAi lskianlgi es
StandaBrodo kN umber: (Clothbound)
235
226-32689-6 9. WhaItSs o cPiraroleg ?s s
(Paperbound)
226-32691-8 246
LibraorfyC ongreCsast alCoagr dN umber:
79-99484 BIBLIOGRAPHY
261
THEU NIVERSOIFTC YH ICAGPOR ESSC,H ICAG6O0 637
TheU niverosfiC thyi caPgroe sLst,.d L,o ndon
byT heU niversoifCt hyi cagAol.lr ighrtess erved
© 1970
Published
1970
Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica
v
Preface
WHENI WAS anu nrdgeradsutautdaeeHt n atr vCaolrlde ge,
It oLo.kH ende'src soounrSsoecl,io o2gy3t ,hfi er tsitim wtea s
offeri1en.td h,se p gro ifn1 938.H eBneodrts'hocs n haraacntde r
his miaddeaea p so ewrfiumlp reosnsm ie-oanni mpression
whipcehr stiots htdisas yS .oe ffecatt ievhaeec irn,t hlea rgest
senwsaeHs,en dresotnhw ahte vneeIrr e-rheiSascod i ol2o3g y
lect(upruebslf iosrhfi ertdtsh iteim ent h bioso) kc1a snIe a en d
hehairam sI s aawn hde ahridom v tehri yretaayrg sHo i.is d eas,
alwalyusc iadnlfdyo r gthhtrelixyps rseehda,vm ea dees sential
contritbomu yts ioocniso wloorgekiv,cew anhl e Inf eIl hta d
tom odiofry e rctethj eHme.n de'sri sdoewnaesre es plelciyin aflu­
entbieaclat uhseoeyf tceonn firmed or suipdpelaesm ented basic
Iw alse nairngt,ht eia Imtt e o okc ohuirss es,o mofefr oomtmyh er
undergrsaodcuiaottleceoahr gesyp- atcriulaTrallycP oatrts ons,
buatl Ps.Ao . S rookainnRd o ebrtM ert.oT nheed itoiftn hgi s
boohkab se eanne xericnri esKme.e mbaenrrdie ndgi rsicnao gv e
pawshti Ich ho,p wei,bl elu e sffuolor t hseorlc oitgoswih soc an
comteh,r ough ttosh eiHese nebdros'sopo kln,ai cnte hh ee ritage
ofs ociology.
NearalllyH eonfd e'srs soocsnicailew nrcieta inntdgh eses ­
sensttiaatle omfhe ipnsht isl oosfso cpiheaynr cceoe n taiintnh eed
worpku bliisnth hebidos o Tkh.pe i eacrepesr initnce hdr ono­
logiocradelex rc feopHrte nde'rs"s oSoclnioog2y3L eucrtes,"
whiacrbhe yf atrhl eo ngtehmseot sc,to mprehaentndhs meio vset,
systeomfaa lHtlei ncd e'rsssc ooinolowgriiinctgTashl.le e ctures
Sepe.5 7o ft hivso lume.
vu
Prfeace
PREFACE
arpel aficretsdogt i avneo e vrvoifhe iwws o rakn,td h seu bsnetq ue lcetuarnefdso ,mr a kianu egsf curli toifmq yui en trodtuoc tion
pieecxepsa anndsd u pplwehmaeitnsc t o ntaiintn heedAm l.­ thbioso Iks h.o aulllsdio tk toeh amnygk o ofdre inMdor rJiasn o­
thouthgoeht hpeirem ciehgsth avbee egnr ouupneddhe era dings witezd,io tfto hrHe e riotfSa goieco lsoegryfi oehrsi g,se neral
which seoxmopefr emtsahsife no cuosfHe esn dewrosrosknu,'c sh moraaln idn telgludeiacntcueaf loha rins sdp ecciofimcm eonnt s
as" tchoen coefsp ytms ,t""et phhei loosfso cpiheyn "cteh,e" ort hien dturcotFiionnaa.lws li yat,lhm l yw orIkm ,u stth aEnlki nor
solcoiogofmy e diinceIh, a"vc eh onsoettnmo a ke gsoruucphi ngs. G.B arfboehrreh re laphl,oth u grIe gtrheattc u olwndeo e td tihti s
Ast hree adesro oswneiH ele,ln derwsrointo'ivsnle garsip n,t er­ bootkot gheaeswr e h aodr iagliplnlyae ndIn.wt o uhladvb eee na
penetarnasdut pep,l oenmaeen nhoteti rnw aywsh imcahk aen y mucbhet tebro ok.
grouapritnliga fi ncddii asbtiunrg.
Ih avree tatihonere idg tiintoalfale lH sle nderessosbnae'y­ss
cauisstee etmoms et hat otfhtreeesnvse eo amle thtihneg coofn ­
teixnwt h ich tphuebyl iwBseuhirtenea df .ei wn staenvceens ,
thoutghthei tmlaesysu ggtehcseot n ttehxeatyru, en foartlteyu n
noatd eqguuaittdetoe h sce o ntIeh natvtseh. e rienfsoerbrert ieedf
heatdentsooa ltlhe es staeoyn sl ighrteeanad obeturtht he ec iorn ­
tenatnasdb oaudtd niatalis opeocftt hcseo ntext.
Iitas r aprrei vfiolarene g dei ttobo rri inngpt roi fnottrh e
firtsitma de co umelnitHk een der"sScooilnoo'g2sy3 L ecstu.r"e
Thvee rsionh epirnrseoi ntt teIhdm e y lsoufens eea dsas, t udent,
in1 93b8ut,th aem enadneeddx panvdeerdso if1o 9n4k 2i,n dly
fuirsnhmeed Pbryo feGsesoorrg e C.H enRrdosemoasnnt'sus,­
denatna ds sociiattshe le.a vseTtorh nsis,isi nHceene drsdoine d
in1 492I.it gs r aytiintfgok notwh Haetn dehrissmoewnla fn ted
thelseec tpuurbelsia ssth heesdyt oIontd h.pe r ecfeta ot hlee c­
tures, hteh aitna drtpiehac eorayftta l e asr bgoeorwk h ihceh
intetnodh eadvp eu bhle.idU snfoartlteyuh,ned iebde fhoer e
cousletdeto h hiisml sfae,nh dic sl oasses ocwihawoto ueolsted,hr ­
wipsreo bhaabvtleay k oentn h einestr sperl,iet fost e rivnWe o rld
WarI IW.h etnh reeynt eufdro,ou rr yfievaelr astt ehrea,yp par­
entwleyro ecc upiwietdoh t hmeart taenrtdsh p eu bliocfa tion
Henderbsooknow 'ass tnaokutep an g ain.
Fogre nerous tppoeu rbmlhiiifsssash ti hwoernri 'tIsia nmg s,
mucihn detboMt reL.da wreJn.Hce need rs,Jo rnF.o hre lipn
searcfhoHiren ngd erwsrointI'ia snmg g rsea,ft tuotl h e Plraot­e
fesCsroarBn rei ntotnoM rasBn.red n aDreVdo ot.T oG eorge
RomaInh sa vtehm eo sdte botfasl :f l ohre ilnpgfi nHde nedr­
me
sonw'rist ifnogdrsi ,s cotvheer vilenargsso tift o hSneo i col2o3g y
L. ].
HendeArnsI onnt:r oduction
WasH endersaoS no clioogti?s
ITIS P ROBABLEt hat noiftn eesn o olcuoitgo iosnfit rss,t
learonfi nbtgoh ooiksro thehrewaisraeib noLgu.] t H .e nde,r son
wourleds pontdhq euw eiostn"th,Wi hoL . H]e nr.ds e?o"Hn is
is
namoecu crvse rrayr iesnlo yoc liogtiecxaatnlosd n, al l yti ltmeo re
frequienmn otnloyg rIanapr hescc.ei ntta titohnne a smtoeufsd y,
twentys-otlchoirgoweieesr tes tfoho auvbneeed n c ited five times
orm oriean lt e faosouttfr h teei nn trodsuocctiotoerltxyob goyo ks,
published abne1dt9 w6e7e,n t1h9a6t3 wsetru.ed1 y selected for
Thneu mboecfri tartaifnro on2ms7f oAr.B .Ho llintgo1s 4h8e ad
foRro ebrtM ert.oT nhotswee ntyw-et:rRh e.Br eened Ei.Wx .,
BurgCeK.Hs. .s C ,ol oey,D avEi.sD ,u rhkeiSm.F, r eAu.dB ,.
Holleiandg,Rs ohmnKas. , Larzsalfde,L intSoM.n.L, i p­
seRt., MerGt. oCn.W, .M P i.Fl .Wl .s ,M ooRr.Ge .,P .M urdoTc.k ,
NewKc.,oT m.Pb arsoSnhsi,Sl E.Ss. t ,o uWff.eL r.W, a rnMe.r ,
WebeWr., W Fh.y taEen.R,d .W i ll;ib aunmtos whiesr eLH e.n ­].
dersnoanmt'eobs ef oduY.ne Hte ndehrasadolt ne assotmi en flu­
enocneD avRiosm,a Mnersot,nM ,oo rPea,r sWoanrsnW,eh ry,t e,
anWdi lliaamnssd,o moeft hewme rger eaatffleycb tyhe idm .
Hendresoinn'flsu oennp cree -sdesanoytc iwoallsoa grybg ueit,t
waisn dti-rteohcurgoht hpeero pHliem.sn eolatfp rofessional
MarkJ ya Oroman"eTrhM,eo sCti tSeodoc liotg:siA snA nalysis
ofI ntroodrTuyec xtt CitTahteAi moenrsi,cS"aoc ni olo3(g 91i6s)8t 1 :2- 4
26.
1
'I 1'\'f'HJOCITHION Inrtoduction
3
'"i t�lo�i�aI b oichehmeii nsfltu,e snocceidbo yli ongflyu encingi stersyp,e ciintah nelwe lleyym erfigeiolnfbdg i hoecmiwshtircyh,
'1111'\i trdlhiultts' lolcliialo logists. was tbhyeh nis sp ecairaeolafi nteArfetsreter.t urfnrionmg
didi hla pptehanasl ta atste h 1e9 3a0p sr ofessional Srbtaisob­oHeunrdge,wr asfisor nasl te cttuhraeer nre ,g uilnasrt ruc­
('lIlo tl'llll'l ia,.,lp lcaei nt hhee riotfsa ogcei ?oT lhoaigthty a p­ toarn,sd u cscseiavne lya ssaissstoacaninftadu,t pl erl,o foefs sor
<'arne
pt·rHr·medi dn dosfs oumshe itnsgi gniafibctota uhnhites tr aigIet. bioilcocaghle smtiirnyb otHhav rarCdo llaengtdeh H ea vrard
hasb eebnu iblyt m any amateubryd isefforcekiniton ldosg isMtesd aiSnccdah loH oenl e.vp erra cmteidciecbdiu hntee ,ah g arde at
ofp rofesspseilcoiinsOaatnlslg .yr aduwailtalhcly ce,er aptaicneg knolwedgaen idon ffl uoenn csetc hiefie cmn etdiitchiante was
the floarystetyah rasts,h e orfpo rloef essspieocininaa ll ist rapiddelvye lionhp ilisint fgie mAel.t hough wHaeassn cdie­rson
over
solcoiegomye rignse tda abnliden stituftoiromtn hauielnn ii z­ed entriasttth hearanm ecdaiplr actihteai lownaaeydrsm, i ar ed
verasnisdtcy i entlidMfisoc.er a wnodr mmoarteus,ro ecg iiosltos cerktianiodnfm edimcaanl- tdheec itshievrea wpheboua tsiesst
practthiescipere cfiualllt iyntu i nmiev,eg rosvietryna,mn edn t, hijsdu gmeonnatc so mbinoafst ciioeennx cpene,cr ei,ei natnudi ­
busicnoerspso rroalteeissopa nel celisyt abfloitrsh heaemfd,t er tiaonnwd h iors e fleacbtoihuviotesw bne haHveif oerl.tt htehraet
specgirfiacda unaedtv eeu nn dergtrraadiunasitonecg i oalso gistwse.rm ea nsyu cmhea nm ohnigcs o lleaanfgderu ineidssnt hHea r­
Evetno dhaoyw,e svoemrre,e cogpnriozfeeds sional socviaorldo-gBmioessdtticsoco nam lnm iutAys. s wheas leHlee ,n deirns­on
haveen tetrheesdip rae lcatisym atumreenc ,o mifnrgoo mt her vitseudcm he tno h ehlpii mn sthrisustc utd ienn tshsoi csi ology
fiel;ad nstdh eirse maulcs"hob rgaaiinin n"st ooic olaottg hye cosuear tHa rvard.
grdauaatnepd o tsgdruaalteev Ae glesn.e raagtoi,o wnte hreer e Inb ihoecmiasntidrnn y au trsacli egnecnee rally, Henderson
mannyo nsociwohwloeo rgmeia sktifsnu- glt liomrpe a rtc-otni­me waasr eseaarncodhr eirgd iicnsoavlea rm eert,hl ooidg,soa tnad
tributsioocnisoa lnatodmog o ytn,hg e Hme nedrswoanasn otable philosAosp rhaee sre.aH recnehdresrso,on ob ne caimnet erested
anndo att ypfiigcuarle . itnh mee chaonnfie sumtsrr aelgiutliyatn th aieno inom raglma ;n is
heb rohuttg ot hepshey sioplroogbiltcehamels l kendoagwned
technoifcq hueemsia snstdhr yeag d r enaetlw i gohntt h .eI mn
BiogrhaipcSaklet ch
190a8sp, a orfht i wso rikn atrheHiaes,n deprrseosnea p nrtee­d
Lawre]o nsceHepe hn dewrasbsoro nni nL ynMna,s hsua­c cimsaet hemfaotrimcuaollfta htaeic oind e-qbuarisile.uiI mbnh is
setntesaB,ro ston,a niddni ei1dnB8 o7s8ts oinx tyy-efaorusr latweorrh kea, p plhiicesod n tcosef ep quiliobfrr eligauutm,i on,
late1r9,4H 2eiw. na t sh seo onfa s hcihpa nadd leearil,nse urp ­ of" homeostasisa"sh igmsre eccahotal lnaeitats ghmMuesede ,­
pliaenesdq uipfmoserhn itHp isfs.a thheerqa'udsa rwteerirens icSaclh oW.o Bl.C, a nncoanmt,eoc atlhl,e t mot hceh emiosft ry
thep ooorlftSdl aeMma,s sachnuesaLeryt natnns,hd, ea lhsaod bloHoedne.dr swoanas c tiinhv iebs i hoeccmaialn pdh ysiological
busiinnetsesir nte hsFetr se nicshl aonfSd asiP neitr arneMd i ­ resrceuhan ttihllea 1t9e02 s, awnodrc kuh limsi intnah pteue bdl i­
que,lo offtn hceo aosfCt a naHdean.d edrisndoo fnto lilnho iws catoiBfo lno: o SdAut dyG enienr Pahliyl osoyig n1 92R8o.m ans,
fathfeoro'tssb tusetpp eshn,it ls i ifnea na cadecmairacet e r ont haeu tihtooyfsr peciiantl hfiiiesslct das,Hl elnse drs"ononeo f
Havra.r2d thmeo sotr igainnddai ls tinbgiuoiilsclocha ghede mishtiss of
Hendegrrsaodnuf artoHemavd ra rCdol leign1e9 8 8a nfdr om time.
"3
thHea rvMaedridc Saclh iono1 l9 0H2ei. m mediwaetntetotl h ye
UnisvieotrfSy t rasfboofruu rrtgsh teuardn yrd e scehia ncr hem- ciaSlce inces( NewY or:kM amcillaanndF ereP res1s698,) F.ro a ne x­
cellaecncto oufns to moef h iwso rikn s ocisacli ewnictebh,i tosfb io­
2 Nof ull-bsicoaglyre a poHfhen derhsaobsne ewnr it.Tt heenirse a graphdiactasale, Ce y ntEhaigal Reus setTth,eC onecpotf E quiluimb ri
shoarrtt ibcyol neoe f h iesa rlainemdso ts otu tstasntduidneignns tosc ial inA mericSaocnai lT huogh(tN we Have:n YalUen irvisetPyr es1s69),6.
scieGnecoer,Cg .He o manisnt, h Ien etrnatEinocncyallo peodfti haSe o - 3 RustsT,eh tCe oncoefEp qtu ilibrium.
Inrtoduction
1'\ If (()!fTIlOl"i
5
ont hceo ncoefep quti libirnAi muemr ican seemaeldw atyobs e l ookfionrgs aat isfsaoccltiooogrwyyi th
1\,•,I I1 1i1i i'J
!1oHoenkd eorns'sscn iteiwfiockr ,a gaoinnt he whitcohc onusehlip so wfeurflr ieanbdostu htse o icasly stienm s
'" a.d
''o'f" "�F"'}o'"fIs .pe cial"iTsehtr se:a roifgn egn eprha­yls which wtehraeeli yln lvevod.
'"'''"Ill\
'"'""<\'1 .1'1i1 <lnl·<tl'rhl o'uvgahnt e ffoorfmt ens likPea v,lL o.vJ . In ltah1te9 e2 0(sHo manssa y"sa bo1u9t2 6R,u"s sseatyts
<�hoHuatl dt,aha nene dW altBe.Cr an no,wn hoe st­ab "i1n9 28"H)en,de rswoanse ncougreadt or eaPda ertoS'osc i­
Jf,·t�.J,.,,""·
J,,J,,. J' "').oJdn.do utbBeht.v aiSld.i ttyh ieed ao fa ni nteernvniar-lo n ologgeinaeel (1re 9 17b)yh iHsa rvdac roelalgWuiell iaMmo rton
111.1 '111o:t hersJ oseBpoarfhc frtow,h os epcfiied whawta s Wheelwehro,os wen c lassstdiuiceo sfi snescotc iedtl ieehdsi mh a
b<JyInC dla due]lB iekredn s'a' rfraeneid n pdeenednlti .f'e Ru­ss tob ecomietn ereistnPe adr etaon'asl yosfhi usm asno ci.e ties
"4
Il'Il!·w ,.,laa tnemte ntp rovitdhseepes c ififcosRr o mnas'mso rgee neral Henderwsaoisnm mdeialtyae nedn ormloyiu mpsreds;s weaijtss u t
:-,tihs diiss tindg sucniitseihcfieocm painnydd e.He ednerson whahteh dab eenl ookifnog.Hr eb ecaamnee n tshiuaosfPt a r,e to
<Hit':
wasg reianht i csho sefenidl . anfdo trh ree osfht i lsi hfede e vdom toeraen mdo roefh itsi maen d
Henedrns woasa los maet hodolaongdaip shti lhoesorof sp c­i activtioPt aireeastn otd o s ocsicaicle.e Y netc,u riloyeu nsoguhi,t
enc.e Heexr pesds teheisnet eriens setmsi niantr hspe h ilosophy wanso t nmlPayai reitdoe'tashs Ha etn derspoansd so ent os omoef
departamtHe anvrtad ra nidn t wgoe nebrooakl,so noen t he rela­ thyeo usnogc sicaile nttih1se9t 3ss0w ,ho of tahreelm vsveeesr iyn ­
tionbsehtiwpte heoenr ganainsdim te sni vronn,mtt ehoet hoenr fluenltt oida.a( yWhnoo wu setshP ea rentoatni oof"'n rse sei"s du
three lahtpii botenwseteenl eoalnoddg eeytr min:T ishFmei tness and" deritviao"?n)sH iisn fluecnocnesd i msotrieent eachhiinsg
oft hEen ivrnomenAtnI: qnu iyir not thBeoi liocgSagilnfi icnace ownm etdhoologiiedcaaasbl o suutc ehs senmtaitataless r yses mt,
oft hPerp oeireotsfM all(1 e9r13 a)n dT hOer doefNr at rueA:n eqiuliubmr,mi utudaelpd eenncaen,dt hfeu nctoifco onnsc eptual
Essa1y91 7H)e.c ardr hiiemse tdhoololga incdpa hiloiscloa ph scheesm".H ende,r"ss oanyRsu sse,t" tmahya vgei vgerne ater
itner(e osvteisrtn ot hseo csicaile nwcheeshn,e c amteo t hem impettotu hsde i ffusoifeo quni libcroinucmea pmtosnA gm erican
towdat rheen d hoifs alniidfwt ea ,ts h rotuhgehtm h haeth ahdi s socsicanilte itshtaasnn oyt hseirln eig ndiavliT.do au w hogleen ­
greaitneflsute onnsc oieca slc ietnst.i s eranto ifHo avradr studheenp tassd s oenh icso ncepotfsi ceoinn­
AlthoHuegdnhe rshoinm swealnsfe vaenar t ciavdem iisntrator timfiec tdh,oo fs ocsicaile mnectdeho oglyoa,n sdp eclilfioycft a he
ins ceintiofirc ootrhgearn niszh,aew t aifsor ieanndcd o ndfiantto plcaeo fe quilibarniaulmiy nss oicslsi caie."n6c e
verpyo ewrfaudlim nisotr,rse astpelclaiyta H arvda.Hr ek nwe Weh avsep okoefHn e nderwsoornik'n ps h ysioalnodig ny
PredsenitC halreWs. E lioatdn l atwearvs e rcyl otsoEe il ots'u­sc socsicaile. I nnco enaer eoafa ctitvhiettsywe,ok inodfsw ork
cessAo.Lr a,w nrceLeo ewlAls.H omanasn dB ailpeuiytt ",T he werdei rercetleldayI.t n 1 927H,a rvd aUrniversseuitpt t yh e
profeasnstdoh prer estiw deerfner idesnn,o jtsu tc olleesaT.hg euy FatiLgaubeao trotrosy t updhyy saincda lm entianwl o ksretrrse.s s
sawo naen hoet;rt hetyla kde,e spelcloiyna laonndfg a wsatl ks Thlea borwaatasott r hyHe a rvdaB runseisSshc oloa dns ponsored
bactkoC amibdrgaef tmeere tionftge hMs e diSccahlof oalc .u"l5t y botphh ysiolla ongdsi oiccaarle se.aH recnhderwsaostn h fier st
Ina dditiaosn ,ft ohoet ntooht ieSsso clioog2y3l ectaunrdte os direocftt ohFrea tiLgaubeao tryo.Ar sa p hylsoisgotih,et ooakn
othaerrt icclleleayssr hoHwe,n derrsedoa vne rwyi deilnhy i­ s inteirnea sntdi nflnucdee thpeh ylsoigoiwcoarlok f D rD.a vid
toriacnadpl r oostociioclabloo gokasb ouhtu maanff rasiH.e Di;la lsas oclsi caniteihsett o oakni nteirnae nsidtn fluetnhcee d
soclri easeaorfEc lht Moany oF,rz i Jt.Ro ethelriegsrab,n d T.
4 Ibipd.2. 1,. NorWthhi teeahde,s paelcltiyh eniorwf amowuosr aktt hHea w-
5 G. HCo.m aannsOd r vilTl.Be ai le'yT,hS eo iceyt Fofle loHwasr,-
varUdnv iersi1t39y3,- 4179,i"nT hSeo ectioyfF elloewdCs.r, a nBrei nton
(Cambrgi,eM das:sH .arvaUrndi vePrrseis1ts3y99, ) p,p .3 -4. 6 RustsT,eh tCe onceopfEt q iuliubmrp,i. 1 71.
(I I IIIII I1I II ll'\ Intrond uctio
7
II til•1 '111 1"1f ilIl ' l<:lCfom'pCa'ntIyrni.i t7tcs u rtnh,i s LaSw chaonotdlh Beu ssisSn cehoaosl ,aw sei lnl s tpheec ialized
11' '" 11111 .\.\ ,.,_Inn ac osnieadrblien flnucoeen deptamrewnittseh aicfnha l ct.uA ysw es ahlslel ea tientrh fi,er st
'""IllI ll Il1l 1i.lln1l!·1os1nTt·"h ' 'aIhfalWrtlo' rdrWl aIr8 I . ruonfh iSso cio23lc ooguyri snte hs,ep roif1n 9g3 h8,ei nvited
II1,.1 1 1,. ll.!ion;.:'- \pp eernito d acamdileci aftHe ar vard, twentdyi-fffievgreue enlstett cu refrrsoa,ml most every major
""' 111i"p"ll"l1ll1l,l lt·t,.'nh. dao<n1t·s rhiawscrh hoeleto yfwp heas toi coloigni sts, seicoatnn sdbu secotfti huoennv ieirtsy.
111• he tlw acadecmoimcm unhiatviee s, Nowheirnhe i Hsa vraradtc iviwtaHiseen sd ermsoortneh e
• 11111 11l1'!'la 1ao l1fl1c' 1oa!!ml rm tauhnie;tr:i ame "elsco smoploin.t"B auHte neclr­ cosmoploollct iahtiaannhn ic so encntwiiottnhh Se co ieotfFy e l­
to ta·i'knlggor cepaalr"ttii h dnHaf' na rvwaarbsdyn , om eaan" sol ­ lwos9T. hes ociwehtiyHc,eh n sdoesnrt arttheidn king about as
"l'"a.nt.l ..h owuagash c osomoplainit ns evedriffaelwr aeynFsti. rh set , ealry 1a92sw4 a,fi sn aelsltya biln1i9 s3hw3te,i had ne ndowment
wa� vIle erm yu cahd evootfFe ree nclucthu arnsedp ento fs ohmies froPmer seindLto w,et lopl rovaip dree stpilgaicoeua sda en­d
sumemrisnF arncSece.o .nh deh andae rulinyv ecruslatliu nr­al quartees ouirntc hueensv i ersfiotry ymoeunon feg x ceptional
teraensrdte swa dide ilnsy e Ylearnagluakgneespwh. i lHoes ophy,t alaennidtn depeinnad nefiynle cdoe fs cieannscdce h ol0a rship.1
litergaetnuehrsrietar,olys ,co isaclni ceteh,he i syto ofmr edicine In stmahlgelr orueps spbiolfneof ro untdhiseno egct iy-Hender­
ansdc ieannctdeh ,oe goaylm,o onhtge mra ttHeernrsds.eoa nl so soLno,w ,et lhpleh oislhoepAr.N .W hiteea,htd hEen ghll iistera­
partaeitdci insp evenraoatnliaa lni dn ternmaedtiilcso acniaeln ­ tusrceh oollaLmri vsitnLogonw easnt,dh lea wayenardu thor
tifiacn,lde arsnoecdi Feotarin eusm.b oefyr e ahres�a st he ChlaersP .C] ut ris-Hentdoetorhklse eo :ahn di cso nceopftt hieo n
fornes iegtcarorefyt hNea tiAocndaaelmo yfS cien�ces. sotcyiw eassce intificcoaslmilotypa ionfsl, o mewehlatita,t nids
Indeeevdea,ntH avrradH,e nedrswoanws h amta bye c alled hew atsh oer ganitzhfeeonr uid nocgfo mmitthtaeeu oetro,h fi ts
a" ocsmopolcloailtI.ant"n h c eo mpalneudxn iversstarluics­ticf oundrienptgo,a rndfi,nl aylt,h fier cshta iromfta hnSen e ior
tuorfeag remaotedr unn ivehrews aivste yr,y amc uicthoi fz en Fellooftw hsseo tcyiw,eh o wreersepo fnosris btellheee ac ntdi on
thweh eoI.ln h icsa raetHe arvr radh,ew as tfhrbeoge mi nnai ng mingouird aonftc heJe u nFieolrsl I.on tw he sHoecnisdeoetnry,,
memboefbr o ht tMhedeci aSlco hoaln tdh Aert sa nSdc nicees hifso uncdoelrul eeasan,gtd h esiurc cehsasvsoeure csec diend
falctuiesb,r itdthghuiesn ga apnptdlh ipeeu drs ei doefbs i o­ creaatnii ntnsigt uitnwi hoindc ihv eorfts ailtaeynn idtn depen­
chemsicciaelAn sac fer.i oefnP dr densetiL oew,lh len ootn ly denhceeml apk eea scphe cailtae laail ssitttb trloeai dhnei wrsor k
coulneshdei amb omuatna ys peocfut nsi vearffsabiiutrctysa me anidnh igse necruarllati lun teHreensrdtsesoh.na a dl hsoop ed
tok nomwa npyr eosfsiontr hspe r ofessscihoosnoualcalshst , h e thtahtse o ectwiyo uld ennocoton u"lryioa slgaegt eendi uses, bui
menw hwoi dlolt hweo rokft hweol r.d"T1h1se o ecthiya bse en
7 SeFe. Roeitshblgeearrn dW. DJi.c nk,sM oanagemeannttd h e lesscuscs esfiuntl ha iisam l,t hohuagpshr oidtau ltce etad fs ae w
Worke(rCm aJ.br idMgaes,:s H .arvarUdnv ierys Pirtes1s39,9) T;. N . learasd eswe alsml a ny schsocliaernst iasntds .
WhihteeaTdh,eI ndsutarlWi orke(rC mabridMgase.s,:H arvaUrndi ver­
Althwoeul gahmc ukc ohfw hawtew oullkidet ok noawb out
sitPyr es1s398,); E lt1\oIany oT,h eH umaPnr ombsl e Industarli
an Henedrosnw,e h avef eswc roafpi sn faotrimRoonm.a annsd
Cilviaizti(oNen wY or:kM acmill1a9n3)3, a ;n dE lotnM oayfo T,h eS oical a
Prbolmeso fa n dIunsitaCrlvi ialtiiz(oCnma bridMgases,:H. arvaUrndi ­ Baileuyst h"aHte dneor'nssh eawradrs e bdu t phoilsi tics
verysG irtaduSactheoo ofl s BiunAedsmsi nist1r49a5t)i.o n, wervteie gllol ryco osunesrivvaetR.e adoefhr isws o rwki nlolt e
"1�
8 Foars ummyaa rncdr itoifq uHteahr ev awrodr akn idt isn fluence,
seCel aKrekr arn Ldl oHy.dF ish"ePrl,aS notc iyo:Tl hoegE liatnetd h e 9 SeeB rintoedn.,T, heS oicetoyfF ells o(wCmabridMgaes,:s .
AboriginCeosm,m"oF nri oinne torfst hSeoc iSacli enecde.sr ,rMK aio m­a HarvaUrndi verPsrsiest1,y9 9 5).
rovs(kGlye ncIol:el ,. TFhree Per es1s9,5) 7 a;n dfo rd eaf esnesCeeo ,n ­ 10 SeReo manasn Bd aile"yT,hS eo cyio efFt elwlso."
raMd. ArensbaenrdGg e offrey TootSeolcli,yo :lR" oePgaDllia sncto v­ 11 Ibipd.2. .6,
eriaensNd e wP robleimnKs o,m"a vrsokCyo,m moFnrn otise.r 12 Ib.ip,d.3 .
Inrtoduction
II I lffllIl IIlI \
c 9
" '''1'"' 111,1 11 Ji,c• i� consersvoacvtiiiaevlrwe es v tehaelm - Thues efuolfPn aer'sewssto ork
'h ' .J,I.!F,,J,'1i l1l J' ,!v 1 ehrya rtdoo vertchoemimenh issc ien- 4.M edical sociology
1111,111r tgertia con·tdh iemrp ortanotfH egneldrismopns e 5.
1011l1l "r"H'ltcl·a\.l\l B ,., ac·i wlheeytn h esya" yH,i mse thiondd i scus- THEM ETHODOLOAGNYD P HILosoPoHFYS ciENCE
lIrlIl I j , ianimadtt beydt hpei lrei-.vHd eirpsa sswiahoson et stt Socsiceainlt hiasvtes ctoankseindi enrtaeibrnle emst etthh e­
flcgo·idcw >aicsyo l.d1"eN�so wthearsmey ,o wenx peraisae nce odloogayn pdh iloosfso cpiheyb necceat,uh seheya vet hfaetl t
11lhw,.,ion f H endesrhsoowwnea dts,h m iosr eev idtehnaitnnh is
knowlientd hgaiers we oau bleadk eayi tdom ovifnrgoa md o­le
'111dcY·enittmt a dhei amg retaeta cWhheert.hh eae grr oere d �
cenocrne vo itiinas tcei etnomc auetr sece intsitfiacIt nut sh.i s
dt�cia·gearcehad is,ntdg ue.cn otu nledvf eorrH geentrc sl'oewsno rbdesc ause arepae,r hbaepcsah uehs iem shealhdfe ltphemeda turoaft ion
oft hpea sssioco lne eaxrplrydei sns e.tF hienmaRlolmyaa,nn sd
bihoecmisHterneydr,sr oenaa dn wdr oatg er edaetaa lnh da s
Bailleeutyss eseo mheitnogft hree afsooHrne nedrs'sog nreat mucthos atyos olcs iceaint.Ai smtosntghe es seanntrdie alle vant
ineflnucoenh icsol leagaunesdst undt"esI.hf ef ealm ta nh ad
tophiedc isss scaeurdte h reo olfete h oriyns cnic;eet hreo olfe
sometihhnii nnmgo,o nceo ublemd o re ptahthaienie hnne tl ping obseravnaedtx ipoennr ;tit mhreeo olfet he atltr,hio evb ivious,
icto mteol igHheht a.td h gei offtt a kais ncgh 'orsla adwra tnao, antdh veu lignsa cri ernetsiefi;tac hr pecr hobacbhialrioatfcy t er
mathtoefwra trh meiyg bheft r ohmio sw finle do fb ihoecmistry, sciesnttaietfine;ctam sntdh seo cpiraolco efss csi ednitvsiecfirocy .
saanbmdwre ai yHn,eng dienprghas ertoolnttnubp he trela idatoitn y unthgp t hem a e .t"tIn1enso4r ot nm semf watuhhnlaeilt ­y piTHrEi R(OcLteEi hv sOFim THet EwOhRY ta IhtN Se CioIENsnrCEo y itA m tap t oirimwtnseha c enbinto)e t ae nhnmc d­e
fesitnPe arde 'stw oorpka,r ltairiclnuty h ceo ncoefap s to cial ontolroegailc(ihatsevlm i w e that scidei?nvscecerrs a rto hn�ly
system.
passivtehrleey a tlhiiat"styr eaolutlthy e")wr eerwedi espread
m
nautrsacli eHnecnesd,oew nra wsh awtem ihgcta alnal r dceonnt­
LeadiTnhge mes structtaikvtiihnvsegiwt et ,h waitt houta nttyhh oheutoig risym ­
possainbtdlh eta htse c ieantctiivcseotln ys ttrhtueeco�trt sah t
Fotrh e ssocciitea,tnl ht eiarsreae t l eafisvtle e ading _�
shapmee'ssni deaabso "urte a.l"Ti hticysos ntructeixv­ism
themienHs e nedrs'swo onrTkh.ei imrp onrcitessa i gnabloitzhe d IS
presisnse edv edrieaffrlew natyF so.er x amHpelned,e srpseoank s
byt heciorn srtearcnrute anncbdey v arioHuesne dros'sfoe nx­
ofs cnitfieicc oncaenptdth se oars"i aetbsrs ac-taisoa nssp"ects
plisctiatt eamneldna ttcseu nestsu ,ca hst he pwaistwshhi iocnh
of realoiutbtyyt hdsere aawrncm hiinondftg h sec ie5nHtei st.
hed issscteuhse Tmh.e tshee moevse ralnadpe ripenettnriant e �•
repeaetmepdhlayhs oiwaz rebsai ratylr �oln ?cteuadle� fitn10ns
Henedrs'swo rnit:fi onergx salmehp,ic sir tioqfpu oets iivainsdm
ar;e faa voprhirthaeeus es teodi nditchaaitcsvet ea i nadr bitrary
excesrtasoiinvaeli ismt iyx weidth hia sd maitrifoonPr a r'se to
charwahcethneew r a osff eraid negfi nwiat"siao wsnec ohotsoe
wo.rB kuwtes hadlils tchutesh se smeepsa raast efplaoyrs, s aisb le,
sayF.u"hr1etGwr h,e hne d iiss cutshnseoi tnoigwfo anv oefss o cial
becatuhsedeyos taonudft r oomn aen otThheers.et hfiaevr ee
chanhgese a,y" sFo,rs uhwc avaeersl, i tkhece o ncespcthueamle s
leadtihne:gm es
oft hpeh syicpiasrtctsols,nyt c rtuioofon usor w mni ntdhsga ot
Thmee thodaonlpdoh giyl oosfso cpiheyn ce
beyotnhmdeer efc atsA.st hliasss ttma etnietn diRceanteder-s,
2l..A critoifpq ousveii tsaimne dx cersastiivoen ality "17
3.T hceo ncoefsp yts atnesdmo csiyaslt em 15 Sepe.5 9 tohfvi osml eu.
13 Ibid. 16 Sepe.6l.
14 Ibid. 17 Se"eW haItsS oicaPlr og?re"ps .2s 5o1ft hviosml eu.